@article {15231,
	title = {Recent Developments in the Use of Acoustic Sensors and Signal Processing Tools to Target Early Infestations of Red Palm Weevil in Agricultural Environments},
	journal = {Florida Entomologist},
	volume = {94},
	number = {4},
	year = {2011},
	month = {December},
	pages = {761-765},
	abstract = {Much of the damage caused by red palm weevil larvae to date palms, ornamental palms, and palm offshoots could be mitigated by early detection and treatment of infestations. Acoustic technology has potential to enable early detection, but the short, high-frequency sound impulses produced by red palm weevil larvae can be difficult to distinguish from certain similar sounds produced by other insects or small animals, or by wind-induced tapping noises. Considerable research has been conducted to develop instruments and signal processing software that selectively amplify insect-produced sounds and identify signal features that distinguish sounds produced by a particular target insect from those produced by other causes. Progress has been made in identifying unique spectral and temporal patterns in the sounds produced by larvae during movement and feeding activities. This report describes some of the new instrumentation and signal analyses available for early, reliable detection of red palm weevil larvae in groves and greenhouses.},
	keywords = {Rhynchophorus ferrugineus},
	isbn = {0015-4040},
	author = {Mankin, Richard W.}
}
@article {15233,
	title = {Temporal and spectral features of sounds of wood-boring beetle larvae: identifiable patterns of activity enable improved discrimination from background noise},
	journal = {Florida Entomologist},
	volume = {91},
	number = {2},
	year = {2008},
	month = {June},
	pages = {241-248},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Rhynchophorus (curculionid) larvae produce economic damage to ornamental and date palm crops that could be mitigated significantly by early detection and treatment. Acoustic technology enables early detection, but often it is difficult to distinguish insect sounds from background noise containing energy at the resonant frequencies of stiff, fibrous structures in trees and other plants. Tests were conducted with currently available acoustic instrumentation and software to assess the capability of these methods to discriminate curculionid, cerambycid, and buprestid larval sounds from background noise in woody structures. An approach to the discrimination problem is to monitor the temporal patterns of the 3-10-ms sound impulses produced by locomotory and feeding activities. Playback and computer analyses of larval sounds revealed trains of impulses separated by intervals of less than 500 ms that experienced listeners frequently use as indications of potential insect sounds. Further analyses identified a subgroup of trains, denoted as bursts, containing > 6 and 200 impulses, which occurred frequently when larvae were present but only rarely when larvae were absent. The incorporation of bursts into the analysis process significantly improved the capability to distinguish sounds produced by beetle larvae from background noise when these insects were hidden in stiff, fibrous structures, and likely will be of assistance also in other applications where consistent activity patterns of hidden pests can be identified.},
	keywords = {Rhynchophorus ferrugineus},
	isbn = {0015-4040},
	author = {Mankin, R. W. and Mizrach, A. and Hetzroni, A. and Levsky, S. and Nakache, Y. and Soroker, V.}
}
@article {14482,
	title = {Temporal and spectral features of sounds of wood-boring beetle larvae: identifiable patterns of activity enable improved discrimination from background noise},
	journal = {Florida Entomologist},
	volume = {91},
	number = {2},
	year = {2008},
	month = {June},
	pages = {241-248},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Rhynchophorus (curculionid) larvae produce economic damage to ornamental and date palm crops that could be mitigated significantly by early detection and treatment. Acoustic technology enables early detection, but often it is difficult to distinguish insect sounds from background noise containing energy at the resonant frequencies of stiff, fibrous structures in trees and other plants. Tests were conducted with currently available acoustic instrumentation and software to assess the capability of these methods to discriminate curculionid, cerambycid, and buprestid larval sounds from background noise in woody structures. An approach to the discrimination problem is to monitor the temporal patterns of the 3-10-ms sound impulses produced by locomotory and feeding activities. Playback and computer analyses of larval sounds revealed trains of impulses separated by intervals of less than 500 ms that experienced listeners frequently use as indications of potential insect sounds. Further analyses identified a subgroup of trains, denoted as bursts, containing > 6 and 200 impulses, which occurred frequently when larvae were present but only rarely when larvae were absent. The incorporation of bursts into the analysis process significantly improved the capability to distinguish sounds produced by beetle larvae from background noise when these insects were hidden in stiff, fibrous structures, and likely will be of assistance also in other applications where consistent activity patterns of hidden pests can be identified.},
	keywords = {Rhynchophorus ferrugineus},
	isbn = {0015-4040},
	author = {Mankin, R. W. and Mizrach, A. and Hetzroni, A. and Levsky, S. and Nakache, Y. and Soroker, V.}
}
@article {14480,
	title = {Recent Developments in the Use of Acoustic Sensors and Signal Processing Tools to Target Early Infestations of Red Palm Weevil in Agricultural Environments},
	journal = {Florida Entomologist},
	volume = {94},
	number = {4},
	year = {2011},
	month = {December},
	pages = {761-765},
	abstract = {Much of the damage caused by red palm weevil larvae to date palms, ornamental palms, and palm offshoots could be mitigated by early detection and treatment of infestations. Acoustic technology has potential to enable early detection, but the short, high-frequency sound impulses produced by red palm weevil larvae can be difficult to distinguish from certain similar sounds produced by other insects or small animals, or by wind-induced tapping noises. Considerable research has been conducted to develop instruments and signal processing software that selectively amplify insect-produced sounds and identify signal features that distinguish sounds produced by a particular target insect from those produced by other causes. Progress has been made in identifying unique spectral and temporal patterns in the sounds produced by larvae during movement and feeding activities. This report describes some of the new instrumentation and signal analyses available for early, reliable detection of red palm weevil larvae in groves and greenhouses.},
	keywords = {Rhynchophorus ferrugineus},
	isbn = {0015-4040},
	author = {Mankin, Richard W.}
}
@article {11275,
	title = {Chemical and behavioral ecology of palm weevils (Curculionidae: Rhynchophorinae)},
	journal = {Florida Entomologist},
	volume = {79},
	year = {1996},
	month = {June},
	pages = {153-167},
	type = {Article; Meeting paper},
	abstract = {Palm weevils in the subfamily Rhynchophorinae (Curculionidae) (Rhynchophorus spp., Dynamis borassi, Metamasius hemipterus, Rhabdoscelus obscurus, and Paramasius distortus) use male-produced aggregation pheromones for intraspecific chemical communication. Pheromones comprise 8, 9, or 10 carbon, methyl-branched, secondary alcohols. (4S,5S)-4-Methyl-5-nonanol (ferrugineol) is the major aggregation pheromone for R. ferrugineus, R. vulneratus, R. bilineatus, M. hemipterus, and D. borassi and a minor component for R. palmarum. (5S,4S)-5-Methyl-4-octanol (cruentol), (3S,4S)-3-methyl-4-octanol (phoenicol), and (4S,2E)-6-methyl-2-hepten-4-ol (rhynchophorol) are the main aggregation pheromones for R. cruentatus, R. phoenicis, and R. palmarum, respectively. Plant kairomones strongly enhance pheromone attractiveness but none of the identified volatiles, such as ethyl acetate, ethyl propionate, or ethyl butyrate are as synergistic as fermenting plant (palm or sugarcane) tissue. Studying orientation behavior of foraging weevils to semiochemical devices helped to design and test traps for weevil capture. Generally, 3 mg per day of synthetic pheromone (with non-natural stereoisomers being benign) plus insecticide-treated plant tissue constitute highly attractive trap baits. Potential exists for pheromone-based mass-trapping of weevils to reduce their populations and the spread of the weevil-vectored red ring disease, for monitoring their population dynamics to facilitate pest management decisions, and for detection and possible interception of non-native weevils at ports of entry.},
	keywords = {Behaviour, Chemical signals, Hosts, parasite, Rhynchophorinae},
	isbn = {0015-4040},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://ZOOREC:ZOOR13300017286},
	author = {Giblin-Davis, R. M. and Oehlschlager, A. C. and Perez, A. and Gries, G. and Gries, R. and Weissling, T. J. and Chinchilla, C. M. and Pena, J. E. and Hallett, R. H. and Pierce, H. D. , Jr. and Gonzalez, L. M.}
}
@article {11273,
	title = {Chemical and behavioral ecology of palm weevils (Curculionidae: Rhynchophorinae)},
	journal = {Florida Entomologist},
	volume = {79},
	number = {2},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {153-167},
	abstract = {Palm weevils in the subfamily Rhynchophorinae (Curculionidae) (Rhynchophorus spp., Dynamis borassi, Metamasius hemipterus, Rhabdoscelus obscurus, and Paramasius distortus) use male-produced aggregation pheromones for intraspecific chemical communication. Pheromones comprise 8, 9, or 10 carbon, methyl-branched, secondary alcohols. (4S,5S)-4-Methyl-5-nonanol (ferrugineol) is the major aggregation pheromone for R. ferrugineus, R. vulneratus, R, bilineatus, M. hemipterus, and D. borassi and a minor component for R. palmarum. (5S,4S)-5-Methyl-4-octanol (cruentol), (3S,4S)-3-methyl-4-octanol (phoenicol), and (4S,2E)-6-methyl-2-hepten-4-ol (rhynchophorol) are the main aggregation pheromones for R. cruentatus, R. phoenicis, and R. palmarum, respectively. Plant kairomones strongly enhance pheromone attractiveness but none of the identified volatiles, such as ethyl acetate, ethyl propionate, or ethyl butyrate are as synergistic as fermenting plant (palm or sugarcane) tissue. Studying orientation behavior of foraging weevils to semiochemical devices helped to design and test traps for weevil capture. Generally, 3 mg per day of synthetic pheromone (with non-natural stereoisomers being benign) plus insecticide-treated plant tissue constitute highly attractive trap baits. Potential exists for pheromone-based mass-trapping of weevils to reduce their populations and the spread of the weevil-vectored red ring disease, for monitoring their population dynamics to facilitate pest management decisions, and for detection and possible interception of non-native weevils at ports of entry.},
	keywords = {Dynamis borassi, Metamasius hemipterus, Rhabdoscelus obscurus, Rhynchophorus},
	isbn = {0015-4040},
	author = {GiblinDavis, R. M. and Oehlschlager, A. C. and Perez, A. and Gries, G. and Gries, R. and Weissling, T. J. and Chinchilla, C. M. and Pena, J. E. and Hallett, R. H. and Pierce, H. D. and Gonzalez, L. M.}
}
@article {10975,
	title = {Pheromone-Food-Bait Trap and Acoustic Surveys of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Curacao},
	journal = {Florida Entomologist},
	volume = {94},
	number = {4},
	year = {2011},
	month = {December},
	pages = {766-773},
	abstract = {Pheromone-food-bait trap and acoustic surveys were conducted in Curacao to monitor a recently discovered invasion of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus L. (RPW). This pest of economic importance in regions of Asia, the Middle East, and the Mediterranean was not observed in the Americas until 2009. Due to its economic and environmental damage, there is an urgent need to manage or eradicate RPW in Curacao to reduce its impact on the island as well as avoid the possibility of transference to surrounding regions. Studies were conducted to explore methods available for monitoring adults with traps and acoustically assessing larval infestations in trees in the warm, dry but humid Curacao environment - considering also some special challenges of urban conditions, such as increased traffic noise or unwanted human curiosity that could negatively affect monitoring success. Bucket traps baited with 4- methyl-5-nonanol/ 4-methyl-5-nonanone pheromone lure, ethyl acetate and a molasses - ethylene glycol mixture captured RPW adults at consistent rates for ca. 7/d, but the rates of capture were reduced for the 9th to 14th d of a two-week sampling period. The weevils were observed to escape rapidly from dry traps but not from liquid-containing traps. A portable, user-friendly acoustic sensor system enabled identification of larvae in individual infested trees through the use of signal processing analyses that screened out bird and wind noise. This information gained about liquid baits and acoustic differences between background noise and RPW-produced sounds can assist future efforts to monitor, control, or eradicate RPW in Curacao as well as other urban landscapes.},
	keywords = {Rhynchophorus ferrugineus},
	isbn = {0015-4040},
	author = {Fiaboe, K. K. M. and Mankin, R. W. and Roda, A. L. and Kairo, M. T. K. and Johanns, C.}
}
@article {8939,
	title = {Evaluation of date palm cultivars for rearing the red date palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)},
	journal = {Florida Entomologist},
	volume = {91},
	number = {3},
	year = {2008},
	month = {September},
	pages = {353-358},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Development of red date palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) was evaluated on 4 popular cultivars of date palm, viz., {\textquoteright}Khalas{\textquoteright}, {\textquoteright}Sukkary{\textquoteright}, {\textquoteright}Khasab{\textquoteright}, and {\textquoteright}Sillaj{\textquoteright} for 2 consecutive generations. The weevils reared on {\textquoteright}Sukkary{\textquoteright} showed significantly better growth expressed in most parameters such as length, width and weight at larval, pupal and adult stages. Significantly greater numbers of eggs were laid on cv. {\textquoteright}Sukkary{\textquoteright} as compared to the other 3 cultivars. This might be because of higher sugar content of cv. {\textquoteright}Sukkary{\textquoteright}. Adult lifespan was significantly longer on cv. {\textquoteright}Khasab{\textquoteright}. Though more cocoons were harvested from {\textquoteright}Khalas{\textquoteright}, frequency of adult emergence was better on {\textquoteright}Sukkary{\textquoteright}. Male to female ratio was similar on all date palm cultivars.},
	keywords = {Rhynchophorus ferrugineus},
	isbn = {0015-4040},
	author = {Al-Ayedh, H.}
}
@article {8942,
	title = {Rearing Optimization of Red Palm Weevil: Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on Date Palm: Phoenix dactylifera},
	journal = {Florida Entomologist},
	volume = {94},
	number = {4},
	year = {2011},
	month = {December},
	pages = {756-760},
	abstract = {Red Palm Weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier (RPW), is the most deleterious pest of date palm Phoenix dactylifera, spreading rapidly in date palm growing countries around the globe. To facilitate behavioral and biological studies on this important pest, a study to optimize rearing procedures was conducted at King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. RPW pairs were introduced into date palm bolts and subsequent RPW populations were harvested at the pupal stage. The populations of RPW resulting from different numbers of introduced RPW pairs and the use of mated vs. virgin RPW pairs were compared for different date palm cultivars and sizes of the bolts. Results indicated that RPW can successfully be reared on date palm bolts. Subsequent population was increased with increases in numbers of introduced RPW pairs. Date palm cultivars significantly influenced the subsequent RPW population. Thickness of the date palm bolt wase positively correlated with the subsequent RPW population. Introducing mated vs. virgin RPW pairs did not show any significant effect on subsequent RPW population.},
	keywords = {Rhynchophorus ferrugineus},
	isbn = {0015-4040},
	author = {Aldawood, A. S. and Rasool, K. G.}
}
@article {8893,
	title = {Life history of the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Dryophtoridae), in southern Japan},
	journal = {Florida Entomologist},
	volume = {92},
	number = {3},
	year = {2009},
	month = {September},
	pages = {421-425},
	abstract = {We surveyed the life history of the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae), in southern Japan, including seasonal changes in the flight activity of adults and composition of R. ferrugineus in different developmental stages in a total of 17 infested Phoenix canariensis trees which were cut down in 2003-2005. The flight of adults began in Mar, showed some peaks in summer and autumn, and ceased in mid-Dec. Various stages of individuals inhabited infested R canariensis trees throughout the year. The composition of individuals at different stages in late fall was dependent on the resource (white intact tissue) availability in R canariensis trees. In R canariensis trees where considerable resource remained, all stages of larvae, pupae, and adults were found, whereas in palm trees with no resource, few young- and medium-stage larvae were observed. The temperature in the infested part of a palm trunk was 30[degree]C or higher even in winter. From these results, we view the life history of R. ferrugineus in southern Japan as follows: Adults emerge from host trees in spring and continue to attack host trees until late fall. Rhynchophorus ferrugineus grows even in winter if intact tissue remains at the peripheral part of trunks, and there may be 3 or 4 generations per year. A cold winter probably does not have any negative effects on successful colonization of R. ferrugineus in Japan.},
	keywords = {Rhynchophorus ferrugineus},
	isbn = {0015-4040},
	author = {Abe, Fukiko and Hata, Kunihiko and Sone, Koichi}
}
