@article {13355,
	title = {Susceptibility of the alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) to Korean entomopathogenic nematodes in laboratory assays},
	journal = {Korean Journal of Applied Entomology},
	volume = {46},
	number = {1},
	year = {2007},
	month = {April},
	pages = {147-151},
	abstract = {Laboratory tests were conducted to determine the susceptibility of the alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica to Korean entomopathogenic nematodes, Steinernema carpocapsae GSN1 strain (ScG), S. glaseri Dongrae strain (SgD), Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Hamyang strain (HbH), and Heterorhabditis sp. Gyeongsan strain (HeG) at the petri dish assay. The larval mortality of H. postica was significantly different depending on nematode species and treatment concentration. SgD and HeG strain were more effective against H. postica larva than ScG and HbH strain. When SgD and HeG strain were treated with the rate of >20 infective juveniles (ijs) per alfalfa weevil larva, mortality was ca. 77.5-100\% at the late instars of H. postica in 3 days. The number of established nematode was significantly different depending on nematode species, whereas number of progeny was not significantly different. The mean number of established us of SgD strain in a host was the highest at 80 ijs by 30.2. The highest progeny number of HeG strain was 2,671.5 with 80 ijs. All nematode strains were not parasitic entirely to H. postica adults. These results show that alfalfa weevil late larva is highly susceptible to Korean entomopathogenic nematodes in the laboratory.},
	keywords = {Hypera postica},
	isbn = {1225-0171},
	author = {Kim, Hyeong-Hwan and Han, Gun-Yeong and Park, Chung-Chan and Choo, Ho-Yul and Cho, Sung-Rae and Lee, Heung-Soo and Lee, Dong-Woon and Park, Chung-Gyoo}
}
@article {11323,
	title = {A Degree-Day Model of Sheep Grazing Influence on Alfalfa Weevil and Crop Characteristics},
	journal = {Journal of Economic Entomology},
	volume = {105},
	number = {1},
	year = {2012},
	month = {Feb},
	pages = {102-112},
	abstract = {Domestic sheep (Ovis spp.) grazing is emerging as an integrated pest management tactic for alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal), management and a degree-day model is needed as a decision and support tool. In response to this need, grazing exclosures with unique degree-days and stocking rates were established at weekly intervals in a central Montana alfalfa field during 2008 and 2009. Analyses indicate that increased stocking rates and grazing degree-days were associated with decreased crop levels of weevil larvae. Larval data collected from grazing treatments were regressed against on-site and near-site temperatures that produced the same accuracy. The near-site model was chosen to encourage producer acceptance. The regression slope differed from zero, had an r2 of 0.83, and a root mean square error of 0.2. Crop data were collected to achieve optimal weevil management with forage quality and yield. Differences were recorded in crude protein, acid and neutral detergent fibers, total digestible nutrients, and mean stage by weight. Stem heights differed with higher stocking rates and degree-days recording the shortest alfalfa canopy height at harvest. The degree-day model was validated at four sites during 2010 with a mean square prediction error of 0.74. The recommendation from this research is to stock alfalfa fields in the spring before 63 DD with rates between 251 and 583 sheep days per hectare (d/ha). Sheep should be allowed to graze to a minimum of 106 and maximum of 150 DD before removal. This model gives field entomologists a new method for implementing grazing in an integrated pest management program.},
	keywords = {Hypera postica},
	isbn = {0022-0493},
	author = {Goosey, Hayes B.}
}
@article {10900,
	title = {Aggregation of polyphagous predators in response to multiple prey: ladybirds (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) foraging in alfalfa},
	journal = {Population Ecology},
	volume = {49},
	number = {1},
	year = {2007},
	month = {January},
	pages = {29-36},
	abstract = {The spatial distribution of polyphagous predators may often reflect the integration of aggregative responses to local densities of multiple species of prey, and as such may have consequences for the indirect linkages among the prey sharing these predators. In a factorial field experiment in which we manipulated local prey densities within a field of alfalfa in Utah (USA), we tested whether aphidophagous ladybirds would aggregate not only in response to their primary aphid prey, but also in response to an abundant alternative prey, the alfalfa weevil (Hypera postica (Gyllenhal)). Native North American ladybirds (primarily Hippodamia convergens Guerin and H. quinquesignata quinquesignata (Kirby)) responded only to spatial variation in aphid density. In contrast, the introduced ladybird, Coccinella septempunctata L., aggregated also at local concentrations of the weevil late in the experiment when weevil density was high and aphid density was relatively low throughout all experimental plots. The results support the hypothesis that C. septempunctata is more responsive than are native ladybirds to the availability of alternative prey in alfalfa, which may account in part for the displacement of native ladybirds from alfalfa by the introduced species as aphid numbers have declined. The differing responses of the native and introduced ladybirds to spatial patterns of the alternative prey underscore the importance of extending the study of predator aggregation to understand better how polyphagous predators distribute themselves in response to spatial patterns of multiple species of potential prey.},
	keywords = {Hypera postica},
	isbn = {1438-3896},
	author = {Evans, Edward W. and Toler, Trent R.}
}
@article {10596,
	title = {Determining Diets of Ladybird Beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) From Contents of Frass},
	journal = {Annals of the Entomological Society of America},
	volume = {104},
	number = {4},
	year = {2011},
	month = {Jul},
	pages = {675-681},
	abstract = {Among the methods to evaluate field diets of insect predators is frass analysis. The potential of this infrequently used method was explored for determining prey consumption by adult ladybird beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in alfalfa, Medicago sativa L., fields. A laboratory experiment revealed that at 20[degree]C, within 48 h after consumption of prey (either pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), or larvae of the alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal)), almost all prey fragments had been voided by adults of five ladybird beetle species commonly occurring in Utah alfalfa fields. Among the five ladybird beetle species, aphid and weevil fragments were detected in frass of 80-95 and 29-73\% of adults, respectively. A second laboratory experiment with adults of the most common of these predators (the introduced Coccinella septempunctata L.) more fully identified and enumerated diagnostic fragments for specific types of prey (aphids, weevil larvae, and conspecific larvae) as they occurred in frass. Frass pellets from the consumption of alfalfa weevil and conspecific larvae most often contained diagnostic cuticle and setae, and less often mandibles and head capsules. Frass from the consumption of pea aphids most often contained antennae and legs, and less often mouthparts, eyes, and tarsal claws. These laboratory results provide a foundation for using and interpreting the results of frass analysis as a technique to assess field diets of aphidophagous ladybird beetles in alfalfa.},
	keywords = {Hypera postica},
	isbn = {0013-8746; 1938-2901},
	author = {Davidson, L. Nicole and Evans, Edward W.}
}
@article {10519,
	title = {Determination of the species of Curculionoidea superfamily on alfalfa fields (Medicago sativa L.) and their distribution in Bursa Province of Turkey},
	journal = {Journal of Biological \& Environmental Sciences},
	volume = {4},
	number = {12},
	year = {2010},
	month = {December},
	pages = {123-131},
	abstract = {This study was carried out to determine superfamily species of Curculionoidea which is living in the alfalfa areas of Bursa province of Turkey during 2004-2005. Insect samplings were collected by sweep net over a 7-12 day period, on alfalfa fields. In this study, among determined species, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal 1813), Apion pisi (Fabricius 1801), Sitona macularius (crinitus) (Marsham 1802), Sitona hispidulus (Fabricius 1777) and Sitona humeralis Stephens 1831 were recorded as important pests and widespread. The most abundance species rates were Apion pisi 85.0\%, Hypera postica 7.2\%, S. humeralis 3.4\%, S. macularis 2.1\%, S. hispidulus 1.3 \% respectively. Nonetheless Sitona lineatus (Linneaus 1758), Sitona flavescens (Marshall 1802), Ceutorhynchus pallidactylus (Marsham 1802), Ceutorhynchus anatolicus Schultze, 1900, Phyllobius sp., Protapion trifolii (Linnaeus 1768), Ceratapion gibbirostre (Gyllenhal 1813), Gymnetron rotundicolle Gyllenhal 1838 were also found in towns of Bursa province. S. flavescens, Ceutorhynchus pallidactylus, C. anatolicus, Protapion trifolii, C. gibbirostre were the first record in Bursa province.},
	keywords = {Apion pisi, Ceratapion gibbirostre, Ceutorhynchus anatolicus, Ceutorhynchus pallidactylus, Gymnetron rotundicolle, Hypera postica, Phyllobius, Protapion trifolii, Sitona flavescens, Sitona hispidulus, Sitona humeralis, Sitona lineatus, Sitona macularius},
	author = {Coskuncu, Kiymet Senan and Gencer, Nimet Sema}
}
@article {6024,
	title = {Life table of the laboratory population of Hypera postica (Gyllenhal) at different temperatures},
	journal = {Caodi Xuebao},
	volume = {18},
	number = {5},
	year = {2010},
	month = {Sep 18},
	pages = {726-730},
	abstract = {Life tables of laboratory population of Hypera postica were constructed at 18, 22, 26 and 30[degree]C, respectively. Results show that development increase as temperature increases from 18[degree]C to 30[degree]C, and meet logistic models. The developmental temperature threshold for egg, larva, prepupa, pupa and preoviposition stages of adults is 8. 82,10. 47, 8. 60, 11. 91, 9. 53[degree]C, respectively. The effective accumulated temperature for egg, larva, prepupa, pupa and preoviposition stages of adults is 99. 38, 143. 80, 48. 63, 55. 71, 140. 15[degree]C per day, respectively. The effective accumulated temperature of the entire generation is 480. 96[degree]C per day. Survival curves followed the {\textquoteright}Price A{\textquoteright} pattern for these studies. Both generation survival rates (47. 6\%) and number of nymphs produced by one female (847. 7 eggs) reached the highest at 26[degree]C. Either generation survival rate (S) or population trend index (I) may be described as a function of temperature (t) in parabola curves, The optimal temperature range for growth and development of Hypera postica was between 25 and 27[degree]C.},
	keywords = {Hypera postica},
	isbn = {1007-0435},
	author = {Zhang, Na and Zhao, Li and Chai, Yan-jun}
}
@article {6023,
	title = {Primary research on wing dimorphism of alfalfa weevil Hypera postica (Gyllenhal)},
	journal = {Xinjiang Nongye Kexue},
	volume = {47},
	number = {5},
	year = {2010},
	month = {May},
	pages = {910-914},
	abstract = {( Objective ) To explore the effect of the factors such as heredity and environment on wing dimorphism of alfalfa weevil and then provide theoretic basis to forecast its occurrence . ( Method ) Larvae were reared until becoming pupae under conditions that included different parental combinations, temperatures, larva densities and host quality statistic analysis on wing dimorphism differentiation was conducted. ( Result) The results showed that: there are significant difference in wing morph differentiation of Ft progeny pupae obtained from different parental combinations, especially in the combination when both parents were normal [long dash] wing (N x N cross) vestigial [long dash] wing pupae of Ft progeny can be as high as 94.1\% ; the effect of temperature and density were also significant : the differentitation ratio of normal [long dash] wing pupae increased and vestigial [long dash] wing pupae decreased with the increasing of temperature and density; quality of hosts brought significant difference, the ratio of normal [long dash] wing pupae in the treatment of alfalfa stem were obviously high than the treatment of alfalfa leaf . ( Conclusion ) Thus, the differentiation of wing morph of alfalfa weevil were controlled by many factors.},
	keywords = {Hypera postica},
	isbn = {1001-4330},
	author = {Zhang, Na and Zhao, Li and Zhang, Ting}
}
@article {5960,
	title = {Study on the longevity and fecundity of Tetrastichus incertus (Ratzeburg), a parasite of the alfalfa weevil Hypera postica (Gyllenhal)},
	journal = {Huanjing Kunchong Xuebao},
	volume = {30},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	month = {March 15},
	pages = {83-85},
	type = {Article},
	keywords = {Hypera postica},
	author = {Zhu, Xiao-Feng and Zhao, Li and Liu, Qian}
}
