@article {9430,
	title = {Evaluation of Tag Entanglement as a Factor in Harmonic Radar Studies of Insect Dispersal},
	journal = {Environmental Entomology},
	volume = {40},
	number = {1},
	year = {2011},
	month = {February},
	pages = {94-102},
	abstract = {The observation of insects and other small organisms entangled in the habitat after the addition of vertical or trailing electronic tags to their body has generated concerns on the suitability of harmonic radars to track the dispersal of insects. This study compared the walking behavior of adult Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) Chrysomelidae), plum curculio (Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst) Curculionidae), and western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (LeConte) Chrysomelidae) with and without vertical and or trailing tags in field plots or arenas. The frequency of the larger Colorado potato beetles crossing bare ground or grassy plots was unaffected by the presence of an 8 cm trailing harmonic radar tag. However, plum curculios and western corn rootworms, were either unable to walk with a 4 cm trailing tag (plum curculio) or displayed a reduced ability to successfully cross a bare ground arena. Our results revealed the significant impact of vegetation on successful insect dispersal, whether tagged or not. The vertical movement of these insects on stems, stalks, and tubes was also unaffected by the presence of vertical tags. Trailing tags had a significant negative effect on the vertical movement of the western corn rootworm. Results show that harmonic radar technology is a suitable method for studying the walking paths of the three insects with appropriate tag type and size. The nuisance factor generated by appropriately sized tags was small relative to that of vegetation.},
	keywords = {Conotrachelus nenuphar},
	isbn = {0046-225X},
	author = {Boiteau, G. and Vincent, C. and Meloche, F. and Leskey, T. C. and Colpitts, B. G.}
}
@article {9431,
	title = {Harmonic radar: efficacy at detecting and recovering insects on agricultural host plants},
	journal = {Pest Management Science},
	volume = {67},
	number = {2},
	year = {2011},
	month = {February},
	pages = {213-219},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: In pest management research, harmonic radar systems have been largely used to study insect movement across open or vegetation-poor areas because the microwave signal is attenuated by the high water content of vegetation. This study evaluated whether the efficacy of this technology is sufficient to track insects in vegetative landscapes. RESULTS: Field efficacy data were collected using portable harmonic microwave radar and electronic dipole tags mounted on adults of three economically important pests: Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), Diabrotica virginifera virginifera (LeComte) and Conotrachelus nenuphar Herbst. Detection and recovery of tagged Colorado potato beetles, plum curculios and western corn rootworms was high within and among potato plants, moderate within apple trees and high within, but not between, corn plants respectively. The efficacy of the radar depends on the ability of the operator to move around the host, scanning for a signal {\textquoteright}sightline{\textquoteright} with the tagged insect among plant structures. CONCLUSION: The detection rate of tagged insects by harmonic radar systems is high enough to track the walking path of pests through low row crops such as potato, tall row crops such as corn or tall but well-separated trees of orchard-type crops by adapting the scanning procedure to the vegetative architecture. Copyright (C) 2010 Crown in the right of Canada. Published by John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd},
	keywords = {Conotrachelus nenuphar},
	isbn = {1526-498X},
	author = {Boiteau, Gilles and Vincent, Charles and Meloche, Francois and Leskey, Tracy C. and Colpitts, Bruce G.}
}
@article {8933,
	title = {Seasonal Occurrence and Development of Degree-Day Models for Predicting Activity of Conotrachelus nenuphar (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Alabama Peaches},
	journal = {Annals of the Entomological Society of America},
	volume = {104},
	number = {2},
	year = {2011},
	month = {Mar},
	pages = {192-201},
	abstract = {The plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is a key pest of peaches, Prunus persica (L.) Batsch, in North America. Captures of adult weevils in unbaited pyramid traps recorded annually from 2000 to 2008 in an unmanaged peach orchard in central Alabama were used to determine its seasonal occurrence and to develop predictive degree-day models. Spring migration of plum curculio began at bloom (early to mid-March). Linear, polynomial, and three-parameter Weibull functions were tested to describe the relationship between weekly trap capture and cumulative degree-day (DD). Criteria used to select the best models were the smallest Akaike information criterion and highest R2 values. A sixth-order polynomial function fitted best to seasonal trap captures and cumulative DDs and revealed two major seasonal peaks with the first (spring generation) and second (summer generation) peaks occurring at cumulative DDs of [approximately equal]245 and 1105 (base 10[degree]C, biofix of 1 January), respectively. A potential third (late summer generation) peak was observed at 1758 DDs. The sixth-order polynomial model predicted the first trap capture to occur at cumulative DD of [approximately equal]99 (base 10[degree]C, biofix of 1 January). The three-parameter Weibull model predicted the first trap and first peak (spring generation) trap captures to occur at mean cumulative DDs of 108.02 [plus or minus] 9 and 220.07 [plus or minus] 16, respectively. Validation of the models in the unmanaged orchard in 2009 and 2010 and in a second unmanaged orchard (located 1.6 km from the first) in 2009 showed that the polynomial and Weibull were within [plus or minus]7 d in their predictions of the first and peak trap captures of the spring population. Validation results showed that both models successfully predicted the first trap capture in one out of three scenarios and the peak trap capture in two out of three scenarios. The performance of the models is discussed in relation to management of plum curculio in central Alabama.},
	keywords = {Conotrachelus nenuphar},
	isbn = {0013-8746; 1938-2901},
	author = {Akotsen-Mensah, Clement and Boozer, Robert T. and Appel, Arthur G. and Fadamiro, Henry Y.}
}
