@article {13151,
	title = {The age and phylogeny of wood boring weevils and the origin of subsociality},
	journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution},
	volume = {59},
	number = {3},
	year = {2011},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {708-724},
	abstract = {A large proportion of the hyperdiverse weevils are wood boring and many of these taxa have subsocial family structures. The origin and relationship between certain wood boring weevil taxa has been problematic to solve and hypotheses on their phylogenies change substantially between different studies. We aimed at testing the phylogenetic position and monophyly of the most prominent wood boring taxa Scolytinae, Platypodinae and Cossoninae, including a range of weevil outgroups with either the herbivorous or wood boring habit. Many putatively intergrading taxa were included in a broad phylogenetic analysis for the first time in this study, such as Schedlarius, Mecopelmus, Coptonotus, Dactylipalpus, Coptocorynus and allied Araucariini taxa, Dobionus, Psepholax, Amorphocerus-Porthetes, and some peculiar wood boring Conoderini with bark beetle behaviour. Data analyses were based on 128 morphological characters, rDNA nucleotides from the D2-D3 segment of 28S, and nucleotides and amino acids from the protein encoding gene fragments of CAD, ArgK, EF-1[alpha] and COI. Although the results varied for some of the groups between various data sets and analyses, one may conclude the following from this study: Scolytinae and Platypodinae are likely sister lineages most closely related to Coptonotus; Cossoninae is monophyletic (including Araucariini) and more distantly related to Scolytinae; Amorphocerini is not part of Cossoninae and Psepholax may belong to Cryptorhynchini. Likelihood estimation of ancestral state reconstruction of subsociality indicated five or six origins as a conservative estimate. Overall the phylogenetic results were quite dependent on morphological data and we conclude that more genetic loci must be sampled to improve phylogenetic resolution. However, some results such as the derived position of Scolytinae were consistent between morphological and molecular data. A revised time estimation of the origin of Curculionidae and various subfamily groups were made using the recently updated fossil age of Scolytinae (100 Ma), which had a significant influence on node age estimates. [copyright] 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Amorphocerus, Araucariini, Conoderini, Coptocorynus, Coptonotus, Dactylipalpus, Dobionus, Mecopelmus, Porthetes, Psepholax, Schedlarius},
	isbn = {1055-7903},
	author = {Jordal, Bjarte H. and Sequeira, Andrea S. and Cognato, Anthony I.}
}
@article {10749,
	title = {Is there a floral parasite mutualism in cycad pollination?  The pollinatin biology of Encephalartos villosus (Zamiaceae)},
	journal = {American Journal of Botany},
	volume = {84},
	number = {10},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {1398-1406},
	keywords = {Amorphocerini, Porthetes},
	author = {Donaldson, J. S.}
}
@article {10555,
	title = {Observations on two species of Curculionidae (Col.) associated with cycad cones in South Africa},
	journal = {Entomologist{\textquoteright}s Monthly Magazine},
	volume = {125},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {129-132},
	keywords = {Amorphocerini, Amorphocerus, Porthetes},
	author = {Crowson, R.A.}
}
@inbook {10556,
	title = {The relations of Coleoptera to Cycadales},
	booktitle = {Advances in Coleopterology},
	year = {1991},
	pages = {13-28},
	publisher = {Asociacion Europea de Coleopterologia},
	organization = {Asociacion Europea de Coleopterologia},
	address = {Torino},
	keywords = {Amorphocerini, Amorphocerus, Porthetes},
	author = {Crowson, R.A.},
	editor = {Zunino, M. and Bell{\'e}s, X. and Blas, M.}
}
@article {7794,
	title = {Notes on South African Cycads},
	journal = {Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society},
	volume = {16},
	year = {1906},
	pages = {341-354},
	keywords = {Amorphocerini, Porthetes},
	author = {Pearson, H.H.W.}
}
@article {1765,
	title = {molecular systematics and evolution in an African cycad-weevil interaction: Amorphocerini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Molytinae) weevils on Encephalartos},
	journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution},
	volume = {47},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {102-116},
	chapter = {102},
	abstract = {Weevils in the tribe Amorphocerini have been implicated in pollination of Encephalartos species in southern Africa. The services they render these plants and the unique attributes of the cycad-weevil interaction make them important from both conservation and evolutionary standpoints. Oberprieler (Oberprieler, R.G., 1996. Systematics and evolution of the tribe Amorphocerini, with a review of the cycad weevils of the world. Ph.D. dissertation, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa), using morphological characters, proposed a tentative hypothesis of relationships among the Amorphocerini which is tested here using DNA sequence data. Sequences from one mitochondrial and three nuclear genes were used to infer phylogenetic relationships, levels of sequence divergence, evolution of host associations, and patterns of speciation in this tribe. The results are reasonably consistent with the morphological hypothesis of relationships and species concepts, though important differences are observed, particularly in relationships among a Porthetes hispidus Boheman species group, which is indicated to have experienced recent divergences. In general, low levels of sequence divergence among species within two of the three genera indicate a recent radiation of this tribe onto African cycads, thus while cycad[long dash]insect interactions have often been considered ancient this may not be the case for some extant interactions. A complex pattern of host shifts onto both closely related and more distantly related hosts is suggested.},
	keywords = {Amorphocerini, Amorphocerus, Curculionidae, Molytinae, Porthetes},
	author = {Downie, D. A. and Donladson, J. S. and R. G. Oberprieler}
}
