@article {15231,
	title = {Recent Developments in the Use of Acoustic Sensors and Signal Processing Tools to Target Early Infestations of Red Palm Weevil in Agricultural Environments},
	journal = {Florida Entomologist},
	volume = {94},
	number = {4},
	year = {2011},
	month = {December},
	pages = {761-765},
	abstract = {Much of the damage caused by red palm weevil larvae to date palms, ornamental palms, and palm offshoots could be mitigated by early detection and treatment of infestations. Acoustic technology has potential to enable early detection, but the short, high-frequency sound impulses produced by red palm weevil larvae can be difficult to distinguish from certain similar sounds produced by other insects or small animals, or by wind-induced tapping noises. Considerable research has been conducted to develop instruments and signal processing software that selectively amplify insect-produced sounds and identify signal features that distinguish sounds produced by a particular target insect from those produced by other causes. Progress has been made in identifying unique spectral and temporal patterns in the sounds produced by larvae during movement and feeding activities. This report describes some of the new instrumentation and signal analyses available for early, reliable detection of red palm weevil larvae in groves and greenhouses.},
	keywords = {Rhynchophorus ferrugineus},
	isbn = {0015-4040},
	author = {Mankin, Richard W.}
}
@article {15233,
	title = {Temporal and spectral features of sounds of wood-boring beetle larvae: identifiable patterns of activity enable improved discrimination from background noise},
	journal = {Florida Entomologist},
	volume = {91},
	number = {2},
	year = {2008},
	month = {June},
	pages = {241-248},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Rhynchophorus (curculionid) larvae produce economic damage to ornamental and date palm crops that could be mitigated significantly by early detection and treatment. Acoustic technology enables early detection, but often it is difficult to distinguish insect sounds from background noise containing energy at the resonant frequencies of stiff, fibrous structures in trees and other plants. Tests were conducted with currently available acoustic instrumentation and software to assess the capability of these methods to discriminate curculionid, cerambycid, and buprestid larval sounds from background noise in woody structures. An approach to the discrimination problem is to monitor the temporal patterns of the 3-10-ms sound impulses produced by locomotory and feeding activities. Playback and computer analyses of larval sounds revealed trains of impulses separated by intervals of less than 500 ms that experienced listeners frequently use as indications of potential insect sounds. Further analyses identified a subgroup of trains, denoted as bursts, containing > 6 and 200 impulses, which occurred frequently when larvae were present but only rarely when larvae were absent. The incorporation of bursts into the analysis process significantly improved the capability to distinguish sounds produced by beetle larvae from background noise when these insects were hidden in stiff, fibrous structures, and likely will be of assistance also in other applications where consistent activity patterns of hidden pests can be identified.},
	keywords = {Rhynchophorus ferrugineus},
	isbn = {0015-4040},
	author = {Mankin, R. W. and Mizrach, A. and Hetzroni, A. and Levsky, S. and Nakache, Y. and Soroker, V.}
}
@article {15218,
	title = {Hemocytes of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and their response to Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Bacillus thuringiensis},
	journal = {Journal of Invertebrate Pathology},
	volume = {106},
	number = {3},
	year = {2011},
	month = {Mar},
	pages = {360-365},
	abstract = {Originally from tropical Asia, the Red Palm Weevil (RPW Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier)) is the most dangerous and deadly pest of many palm trees, and there have been reports of its recent detection in France, Greece and Italy. At present, emphasis is on the development of integrated pest management based on biological control rather than on chemical insecticides, however the success of both systems is often insufficient. In this regard, RPW appears to be one pest that is very difficult to control. Thus investigations into the natural defences of this curculionid are advisable. RPW hemocytes, the main immunocompetent cells in the insect, are described for the first time. We identified five hemocyte cell types from the hemolymph of R. ferrugineus: plasmatocytes ([approximately]50\%), granulocytes ([approximately]35\%), prohemocytes ([approximately]8\%), oenocytes ([approximately]4\%) and spherulocytes ([approximately]3\%). SEM observations were also carried out. some aspects of RPW interaction with non-self organisms, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the entomopathogen bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), are discussed. Plasmatocytes and granulocytes were involved in nodules and capsule formation as well as in the phagocytosis of yeast. The hemocyte response of RPW larvae to sub-lethal doses of commercial products containing Bt was examined. In vivo assays were carried out and Bt in vegetative form was found in the hemolymph. After a diet containing Bt, the number of total hemocytes, mainly plasmatocytes, in the RPW larva hemolymph declined sharply ([approximately]12\%) and then remained at a low level, while the number of other circulating cells was almost unchanged. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Rhynchophorus ferrugineus},
	isbn = {0022-2011},
	author = {Manachini, Barbara and Arizza, Vincenzo and Parrinello, Daniela and Parrinello, Nicolo}
}
@article {14482,
	title = {Temporal and spectral features of sounds of wood-boring beetle larvae: identifiable patterns of activity enable improved discrimination from background noise},
	journal = {Florida Entomologist},
	volume = {91},
	number = {2},
	year = {2008},
	month = {June},
	pages = {241-248},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Rhynchophorus (curculionid) larvae produce economic damage to ornamental and date palm crops that could be mitigated significantly by early detection and treatment. Acoustic technology enables early detection, but often it is difficult to distinguish insect sounds from background noise containing energy at the resonant frequencies of stiff, fibrous structures in trees and other plants. Tests were conducted with currently available acoustic instrumentation and software to assess the capability of these methods to discriminate curculionid, cerambycid, and buprestid larval sounds from background noise in woody structures. An approach to the discrimination problem is to monitor the temporal patterns of the 3-10-ms sound impulses produced by locomotory and feeding activities. Playback and computer analyses of larval sounds revealed trains of impulses separated by intervals of less than 500 ms that experienced listeners frequently use as indications of potential insect sounds. Further analyses identified a subgroup of trains, denoted as bursts, containing > 6 and 200 impulses, which occurred frequently when larvae were present but only rarely when larvae were absent. The incorporation of bursts into the analysis process significantly improved the capability to distinguish sounds produced by beetle larvae from background noise when these insects were hidden in stiff, fibrous structures, and likely will be of assistance also in other applications where consistent activity patterns of hidden pests can be identified.},
	keywords = {Rhynchophorus ferrugineus},
	isbn = {0015-4040},
	author = {Mankin, R. W. and Mizrach, A. and Hetzroni, A. and Levsky, S. and Nakache, Y. and Soroker, V.}
}
@article {14480,
	title = {Recent Developments in the Use of Acoustic Sensors and Signal Processing Tools to Target Early Infestations of Red Palm Weevil in Agricultural Environments},
	journal = {Florida Entomologist},
	volume = {94},
	number = {4},
	year = {2011},
	month = {December},
	pages = {761-765},
	abstract = {Much of the damage caused by red palm weevil larvae to date palms, ornamental palms, and palm offshoots could be mitigated by early detection and treatment of infestations. Acoustic technology has potential to enable early detection, but the short, high-frequency sound impulses produced by red palm weevil larvae can be difficult to distinguish from certain similar sounds produced by other insects or small animals, or by wind-induced tapping noises. Considerable research has been conducted to develop instruments and signal processing software that selectively amplify insect-produced sounds and identify signal features that distinguish sounds produced by a particular target insect from those produced by other causes. Progress has been made in identifying unique spectral and temporal patterns in the sounds produced by larvae during movement and feeding activities. This report describes some of the new instrumentation and signal analyses available for early, reliable detection of red palm weevil larvae in groves and greenhouses.},
	keywords = {Rhynchophorus ferrugineus},
	isbn = {0015-4040},
	author = {Mankin, Richard W.}
}
@article {14447,
	title = {Hemocytes of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and their response to Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Bacillus thuringiensis},
	journal = {Journal of Invertebrate Pathology},
	volume = {106},
	number = {3},
	year = {2011},
	month = {Mar},
	pages = {360-365},
	abstract = {Originally from tropical Asia, the Red Palm Weevil (RPW Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier)) is the most dangerous and deadly pest of many palm trees, and there have been reports of its recent detection in France, Greece and Italy. At present, emphasis is on the development of integrated pest management based on biological control rather than on chemical insecticides, however the success of both systems is often insufficient. In this regard, RPW appears to be one pest that is very difficult to control. Thus investigations into the natural defences of this curculionid are advisable. RPW hemocytes, the main immunocompetent cells in the insect, are described for the first time. We identified five hemocyte cell types from the hemolymph of R. ferrugineus: plasmatocytes ([approximately]50\%), granulocytes ([approximately]35\%), prohemocytes ([approximately]8\%), oenocytes ([approximately]4\%) and spherulocytes ([approximately]3\%). SEM observations were also carried out. some aspects of RPW interaction with non-self organisms, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the entomopathogen bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), are discussed. Plasmatocytes and granulocytes were involved in nodules and capsule formation as well as in the phagocytosis of yeast. The hemocyte response of RPW larvae to sub-lethal doses of commercial products containing Bt was examined. In vivo assays were carried out and Bt in vegetative form was found in the hemolymph. After a diet containing Bt, the number of total hemocytes, mainly plasmatocytes, in the RPW larva hemolymph declined sharply ([approximately]12\%) and then remained at a low level, while the number of other circulating cells was almost unchanged. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Rhynchophorus ferrugineus},
	isbn = {0022-2011},
	author = {Manachini, Barbara and Arizza, Vincenzo and Parrinello, Daniela and Parrinello, Nicolo}
}
@article {13275,
	title = {Teratorhabditis synpapillata Sudhaus, 1985 (Rhabditida: Rhabditidae) is an associate of the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)},
	journal = {Nematology},
	volume = {10},
	number = {2},
	year = {2008},
	month = {2008},
	pages = {207-218},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Teratorhabditis synpapillata, originally described from cow dung in Bali, was isolated from the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, in Japan. Dauer juveniles were isolated from beneath the elytra of five specimens of R. ferrugineus that had emerged from a dead Canary Island date palm, Phoenix canariensis, in Kagoshima, Japan. The dauer juveniles were cultured on a NGM agar plate and the adult nematodes observed and measured with the aid of light microscopy. The full length of the ribosomal small subunit (SSU) and D2/D3 expansion segment of the ribosomal large subunit (LSU) were sequenced for molecular identification. Based upon morphology, molecular profile and a hybridisation test, the nematode was confirmed as T. synpapillata. A comparison of morphology and morphometrics suggests that the only other nematode reported from R. ferrugineus (= {\textquoteright}Pelodera rhynchophori{\textquoteright}) is also conspecific with T. synpapillata. A phylogenetic analysis using SSU and LSU rRNA gene sequences fully resolves the relationships of four Teratorhabditis and six outgroup species and demonstrates a sister group relationship of T. synpapillata and T. palmarum, another associate of palm weevils.},
	keywords = {Rhynchophorus, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus},
	isbn = {1388-5545},
	author = {Kanzaki, Natsumi and Abe, Fukiko and Giblin-Davis, Robin M. and Kiontke, Karin and Fitch, David H. A. and Hata, Kunihiko and Sone, Koichi}
}
@article {13211,
	title = {Cold hardiness of the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Shanghai},
	journal = {Acta Entomologica Sinica},
	volume = {53},
	number = {2},
	year = {2010},
	month = {February 20},
	pages = {226-232},
	abstract = {The invasive red palm weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier), native to Southern Asia, is becoming a serious invasive pest of palms in China. In order to understand how well the RPW survives under cold temperature, with materials from fields in Shanghai we determined the supercooling points (SCPs) with supercooling point determinator and the degree of cold hardiness in environmental chamber at low temperatures, simulated field overwintering test in Shanghai, and analyzed the north limit for overwintering of RPW. The results indicated that SCPs of the RPW were significantly decreased as the developmental stages increased. Adults had the lowest SCPs, followed by 9th, 5th and 1st instar larvae and eggs in an increasing order. The viability of various developmental stages in the RPW was measured in 6, 24, 48 and 72 h, and the relationship between the survival rate and low temperature could be fitted with logistic model significantly or extremely significantly. Ltemp50(the temperature that results in 50\% mortality of the experimental population) was increased as time prolonged at all stages of the RPW. At 72 h after treatment, Ltemp50 values of eggs, 1st instar larvae, 5th instar larvae, 9th instar larvae and adults were 1. 61, -1.67, -2.39, -2.40 and -0.40[degree]C, respectively. This result showed that the larvae had the highest cold hardiness, followed by adults and eggs in order. The above data indicated that the correlation between the cold hardiness and SCPs was not uniformly positive. Thus, we speculated that either adult or larva could be possible stage of overwintering for the RPW. The field ovenvintering test also showed that survival rates of both larvae and adults were above 60\% in continuous two years ( 2007 and 2008), suggesting that the RPW could overwinter in the field in Shanghai. Based on the results obtained and distribution of the hosts of the RPW, we tentatively inferred that the northern limit for overwintering of the RPW is proximate to 35[degree]N or where the average low temperature in January is around 0[degree]C.},
	keywords = {Rhynchophorus ferrugineus},
	isbn = {0454-6296},
	author = {Ju, Rui-Ting and Wang, Feng and Xiao, Yu-Yu and Li, Yue-Zhong and Du, Yu-zhou}
}
@article {13209,
	title = {Establishment and Potential Risks of a New Invasive Pest, Red Palm Weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus in China},
	journal = {Arab Journal of Plant Protection},
	volume = {29},
	number = {1},
	year = {2011},
	month = {June},
	pages = {122-130},
	abstract = {The red palm weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, is a new important invasive pest to palm species in China. Potential distribution and risks posed by this pest in China were assessed using a developed pest risk analysis scheme in China. This paper dealt with the information concerning distribution, potential damage, economic value of hosts, possibility of transportation and spread and difficulties of risk management. Susceptible hosts grow across many areas of China. Through the use of the computer program CLIMEX and GIS, southern regions from Mt. Qinling, especially Guangxi, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Fujian, Hainan, Taiwan and Hongkong of China, were identified as the areas where climate and hosts are most suitable for the establishment of the pest. There is a high risk that RPW could enter, establish and cause damage to several important palm species. This risk analysis contributed to the decision to add RPW to the list of quarantined pests whose introduction and spread in China is banned.},
	keywords = {Rhynchophorus ferrugineus},
	isbn = {0255-982X},
	author = {Ju, Rui-Ting and Ajlan, Aziz}
}
@article {13210,
	title = {Effect of host plants on development and reproduction of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)},
	journal = {Journal of Pest Science},
	volume = {84},
	number = {1},
	year = {2011},
	month = {March},
	pages = {33-39},
	abstract = {The development, survivorship and reproduction of red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, reared on five ornamental palm slices, were studied in the laboratory at constant temperature of 26[degree]C. The developmental time of R. ferrugineus was 68.8 days on Washington palm (Washingtonia filifera), 74.1 days on Canary Island date palm (Phoenix canariensis), 82.1 days on Chusan palm (Trachycarpus fortunei), 85.4 days on pindo palm (Butia capitata) and 90.6 days on silver date palm (Phoenix sylvestris), respectively, and the developmental time on silver date palm was significantly longer than that on the other plants. The survival of immature R. ferrugineus ranged from 25.0 to 38.3\%. Most mature larvae began to pupate at eighth-instar on Canary Island date palm and Washington palm, while on Chusan palm, Pindo palm and silver date palm, most of them began to pupate at ninth-instar. The mean lifetime fecundity of R. ferrugineus on Canary Island date palm, Chusan palm, Pindo palm, Washington palm and silver date palm was 267.8, 134.0, 109.8, 216.0, and 131.4 eggs, respectively, and lifetime fecundity on Canary Island date palm and Washington palm was significantly greater than that on the other plants. The intrinsic rate of natural increase (r m ), net reproductive rate (R 0) and mean generation time (T) were 0.038, 78.3 and 115.0 days on Canary Island date palm, 0.028, 33.1 and 125.5 days on Chusan palm, 0.029, 40.9 and 128.2 days on Pindo palm, 0.041, 64.0, 101.4 days on Washington palm, and 0.025, 30.6, 135.6 days on silver date palm, respectively. Based on population growth parameters, it is concluded that Canary Island date palm and Washington palm were the more suitable host plants and silver date palm was the least suitable host plant for R. ferrugineus.},
	keywords = {Rhynchophorus ferrugineus},
	isbn = {1612-4758},
	author = {Ju, Rui-Ting and Wang, Feng and Wan, Fang-Hao and Li, Bo}
}
@article {11791,
	title = {Development of a bioacoustic sensor for the early detection of Red Palm Weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier)},
	journal = {Crop Protection},
	volume = {29},
	number = {7},
	year = {2010},
	month = {Jul},
	pages = {671-676},
	abstract = {The Red Palm Weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier) is one of the worst pests for palms, since it can completely destroy the plant. Its early detection is very difficult and when the action of the pest is discovered, normally it is too late for recovering the plant. Bioacoustic sensors provide a good alternative for early detection of this pest because larvae activity is audible while they excavate tunnels to feed. This work describes the different stages for the development of an original electronic device based on acoustic sensors for early detection of Red Palm Weevil larvae in the interior of palms. This device is based on characteristic frequencies possibly related to their feeding activity. The performed tests have demonstrated that is possible to detect two week old larvae activity studying the sound intensity around 2250 Hz in palms infested only with 5 individuals under controlled environmental conditions. The activity of other insects artificially situated in the interior of palms did not affect the response of the device, possibly because they produce different frequencies (in the range 5-7 kHz). Future work will be aimed at assessing the infestation levels. [copyright] 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Rhynchophorus ferrugineus},
	isbn = {0261-2194},
	author = {Gutierrez, Abelardo and Ruiz, Vicente and Molto, Enrique and Tapia, Gervasio and del Mar Tellez, Maria}
}
@article {11492,
	title = {Responses of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus adults to selected synthetic palm esters: electroantennographic studies and trap catches in an urban environment},
	journal = {Pest Management Science},
	volume = {67},
	number = {1},
	year = {2011},
	month = {January},
	pages = {77-81},
	abstract = {BACKGROUND: The red palm weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier, accidentally introduced into the European countries facing the Mediterranean basin, is becoming the most serious pest for ornamental palms in the urban environment. In the present work, tests were conducted on the electroantennogram (EAG) and behavioural responses of RPW adults to five selected synthetic palm esters, ethyl propionate, ethyl butyrate, ethyl isobutyrate, ethyl lactate and ethyl acetate, to assess the application of a mass trapping technique in an urban environment. RESULTS: In the laboratory, EAG bioassays on RPW adults with the synthetic palm esters showed: (1) positive dose-dependent responses; (2) differences among the treatments; (3) a greater response to ethyl propionate; (4) a higher sensitivity of female antennae compared with male antennae. In the urban environment, RPW behavioural responses, evaluated over six biweekly observations on pheromone-and molasses-baited traps, showed that more adults were caught by traps supplemented with ethyl propionate and ethyl acetate than by traps supplemented with only ethyl propionate. Similar catches were recorded in the traps supplemented with ethyl propionate or ethyl acetate. CONCLUSION: This study supports the application of the mass trapping implemented with synthetic palm esters as a potential tool for the management of RPW populations to protect ornamental palms in urban environments. (C) 2010 Society of Chemical Industry},
	keywords = {Rhynchophorus ferrugineus},
	isbn = {1526-498X},
	author = {Guarino, Salvatore and Lo Bue, Paolo and Peri, Ezio and Colazza, Stefano}
}
@article {11314,
	title = {First results on the use of Steinernema carpocapsae (Rhabditida: Sternematidae) associated to quitosane for the control of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, Olivier in date palms},
	journal = {Boletin de Sanidad Vegetal Plagas},
	volume = {34},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	month = {1er Trimestre},
	pages = {147-149},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {In order to develop a technique of biological control of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier, several experimentations were carried out to determine the effectiveness of preventive and curative treatments as well as the persistence under field conditions of the enthomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae, applied with quitosane.},
	keywords = {Rhynchophorus ferrugineus},
	isbn = {0213-6910},
	author = {Gomez Vives, S. and Munoz Irles, C. and Ferry, M. and Martinez, M. M.}
}
@article {11273,
	title = {Chemical and behavioral ecology of palm weevils (Curculionidae: Rhynchophorinae)},
	journal = {Florida Entomologist},
	volume = {79},
	number = {2},
	year = {1996},
	pages = {153-167},
	abstract = {Palm weevils in the subfamily Rhynchophorinae (Curculionidae) (Rhynchophorus spp., Dynamis borassi, Metamasius hemipterus, Rhabdoscelus obscurus, and Paramasius distortus) use male-produced aggregation pheromones for intraspecific chemical communication. Pheromones comprise 8, 9, or 10 carbon, methyl-branched, secondary alcohols. (4S,5S)-4-Methyl-5-nonanol (ferrugineol) is the major aggregation pheromone for R. ferrugineus, R. vulneratus, R, bilineatus, M. hemipterus, and D. borassi and a minor component for R. palmarum. (5S,4S)-5-Methyl-4-octanol (cruentol), (3S,4S)-3-methyl-4-octanol (phoenicol), and (4S,2E)-6-methyl-2-hepten-4-ol (rhynchophorol) are the main aggregation pheromones for R. cruentatus, R. phoenicis, and R. palmarum, respectively. Plant kairomones strongly enhance pheromone attractiveness but none of the identified volatiles, such as ethyl acetate, ethyl propionate, or ethyl butyrate are as synergistic as fermenting plant (palm or sugarcane) tissue. Studying orientation behavior of foraging weevils to semiochemical devices helped to design and test traps for weevil capture. Generally, 3 mg per day of synthetic pheromone (with non-natural stereoisomers being benign) plus insecticide-treated plant tissue constitute highly attractive trap baits. Potential exists for pheromone-based mass-trapping of weevils to reduce their populations and the spread of the weevil-vectored red ring disease, for monitoring their population dynamics to facilitate pest management decisions, and for detection and possible interception of non-native weevils at ports of entry.},
	keywords = {Dynamis borassi, Metamasius hemipterus, Rhabdoscelus obscurus, Rhynchophorus},
	isbn = {0015-4040},
	author = {GiblinDavis, R. M. and Oehlschlager, A. C. and Perez, A. and Gries, G. and Gries, R. and Weissling, T. J. and Chinchilla, C. M. and Pena, J. E. and Hallett, R. H. and Pierce, H. D. and Gonzalez, L. M.}
}
@article {11007,
	title = {Artificial diets for the rearing of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier},
	journal = {Redia},
	volume = {93},
	year = {2010},
	month = {2010},
	pages = {83-88},
	abstract = {Laboratory rearing of the red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier (RPW) on natural or semi-artificial diets is a problem outside of the RPW{\textquoteright}s native countries because it may be difficult to find some dietary components and/or their preparation is too expensive or laborious. Therefore, we carried out studies on alternative ingredients to prepare more practical and economical feeding substrata for weevil rearing. The life cycle parameters of RPW were tested in the laboratory using the artificial diets of other authors but with the replacement of some components, i.e. a mixture of unidentified cereals with buckwheat alone (Diet 1) or molasses with polyfloral honey (Diet 2). Further tests were carried out on alternative diets, respectively composed of honey, dried coconut cake and oat (Diet3) or commercial apple mousse (Diet 4). Growth time, weight and mortality of R. ferrugineus larvae, and female fecundity were significantly different among Diet 1, Diet 2 and Diet 4, while the pupal period and mortality, adult female longevity and egg fertility did not differ. Diet 3 appeared unsuitable for R. ferrugineus larval survival. Diet 1 was most suitable for pre-imaginal development and female fecundity.},
	keywords = {Rhynchophorus ferrugineus},
	isbn = {0370-4327},
	author = {Francardi, Valeria and Benvenuti, Claudia}
}
@article {10975,
	title = {Pheromone-Food-Bait Trap and Acoustic Surveys of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Curacao},
	journal = {Florida Entomologist},
	volume = {94},
	number = {4},
	year = {2011},
	month = {December},
	pages = {766-773},
	abstract = {Pheromone-food-bait trap and acoustic surveys were conducted in Curacao to monitor a recently discovered invasion of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus L. (RPW). This pest of economic importance in regions of Asia, the Middle East, and the Mediterranean was not observed in the Americas until 2009. Due to its economic and environmental damage, there is an urgent need to manage or eradicate RPW in Curacao to reduce its impact on the island as well as avoid the possibility of transference to surrounding regions. Studies were conducted to explore methods available for monitoring adults with traps and acoustically assessing larval infestations in trees in the warm, dry but humid Curacao environment - considering also some special challenges of urban conditions, such as increased traffic noise or unwanted human curiosity that could negatively affect monitoring success. Bucket traps baited with 4- methyl-5-nonanol/ 4-methyl-5-nonanone pheromone lure, ethyl acetate and a molasses - ethylene glycol mixture captured RPW adults at consistent rates for ca. 7/d, but the rates of capture were reduced for the 9th to 14th d of a two-week sampling period. The weevils were observed to escape rapidly from dry traps but not from liquid-containing traps. A portable, user-friendly acoustic sensor system enabled identification of larvae in individual infested trees through the use of signal processing analyses that screened out bird and wind noise. This information gained about liquid baits and acoustic differences between background noise and RPW-produced sounds can assist future efforts to monitor, control, or eradicate RPW in Curacao as well as other urban landscapes.},
	keywords = {Rhynchophorus ferrugineus},
	isbn = {0015-4040},
	author = {Fiaboe, K. K. M. and Mankin, R. W. and Roda, A. L. and Kairo, M. T. K. and Johanns, C.}
}
@article {10915,
	title = {Sequential sampling plan for area-wide management of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) in date palm plantations of Saudi Arabia},
	journal = {International Journal of Tropical Insect Science},
	volume = {30},
	number = {3},
	year = {2010},
	month = {Sep},
	pages = {145-153},
	abstract = {A decision-making sampling plan was developed to initiate new and validate ongoing area-wide red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) integrated pest management (IPM) programmes in date palm plantations of Saudi Arabia based on the concept of sequential sampling. Spatial distribution studies revealed that R. ferrugineus population was aggregated and followed the negative binomial series with a mean aggregation index (common K) value of 3.56. In the sampling plan developed, young date palms are inspected in a sequence in units of 100 palms (1 ha) until an accurate decision on the infestation level can be made. The plan rates infestations as low and high if d0 <= 0.478n - 7.519 and d1 >= 0.478n + 7.519, respectively, where d0 and d1 are the cumulative maximum and minimum infested palms per ha (100 young palms) for not recommending and recommending area-wide management of R. ferrugineus, respectively, and n is the area sampled in ha. In this sampling plan, if 100 palms are inspected and eight or more infestations are detected, then area-wide R. ferrugineus IPM is required. On a 100 ha scale (10,000 palms) the plan becomes stricter and permits only 55 infestations.},
	keywords = {Rhynchophorus ferrugineus},
	isbn = {1742-7584},
	author = {Faleiro, J. R. and Ben Abdallah, Abdallah and Kumar, J. Ashok and Shagagh, Abdallah and Al Abdan, Saad}
}
@article {10841,
	title = {Mitochondrial Genetic Variation and Invasion History of Red Palm Weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), in Middle-East and Mediterranean Basin},
	journal = {International Journal of Agriculture and Biology},
	volume = {13},
	number = {5},
	year = {2011},
	month = {2011},
	pages = {631-637},
	abstract = {The Red Palm Weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier), (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Rhynchophorinae), is an invasive pest of palm trees. RPW has invaded Middle East and several countries of the Mediterranean Basin during the last three decades. The mitochondrial genetic variation of RPW was investigated in the Middle-East and the Mediterranean basin areas using partial sequences of the Cytochrome c oxidase sub-unit 1 (CO1) gene. A 546-base pair portion of COI gene was sequenced for 310 individuals of RPW sampled from 14 different invaded countries resulting in eight different haplotypes. Eight haplotypes were subdivided into two phylogenetic groups according to their geographic positions. The obtained genetic diversity suggested that RPW population subdivided genetically into different sub-populations under the influence of genetic drift favored by founder events. RPW followed three different routes of invasion during the last 30 years. Likely, Middle-east populations and the Mediterranean ones are originating from different geographic populations of RPW. The data reported in this paper present an interesting and useful step toward the understanding of the genetic variation and invasion history of RPW. (C) 2011 Friends Science Publishers},
	keywords = {Rhynchophorus ferrugineus},
	isbn = {1560-8530; 1814-9596},
	author = {El-Mergawy, Rabab A. A. M. and Faure, Nathalie and Nasr, Mahmoud I. and Avand-Faghih, Arman and Rochat, Didier and Silvain, Jean-Francois}
}
@article {10842,
	title = {A Trap for Auto-dissemination of the Entomopathogenic Fungus Beauveria bassiana by Red Palm Weevil Adults in Date Palm Plantations},
	journal = {Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control},
	volume = {21},
	number = {2},
	year = {2011},
	month = {2011},
	pages = {271-276},
	abstract = {A trap was designed to allow red palm weevil adults to pass through it so that they come out contaminated with a high density of the fungus conidia for spreading them amongst the red palm weevil population in date palm plantations. A fungus inoculum containing 10\% conidia was prepared and used in the trap. An adult was contaminated with 9.53x107 conidia per a tape visit with a lethal time of 8.25 days. Field trials were carried out using 20 traps in 3 date palm plantations in the period from April 2006 to May 2007 in the Northern Region of United Arab Emirates. Efficacy of the trap was evaluated by assessing the monthly mortality caused with the fungus in the adult population. In the last two months, mortality of adults caused by the fungus in the field population ranged 41.2-51.3\% compared with 4.8-4.9\% in the control. Results showed that the trap is effective for spreading the fungus Beauveria bassiana among Rhynchophorus ferrugineus population.},
	keywords = {Rhynchophorus ferrugineus},
	isbn = {1110-1768},
	author = {El-Sufty, R. and Al Bgham, S. and Al-Awash, S. and Shahdad, A. and Al Bathra, A.}
}
@article {10840,
	title = {Determination of Different Geographical Populations of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) using RAPD-PCR},
	journal = {International Journal of Agriculture and Biology},
	volume = {13},
	number = {2},
	year = {2011},
	month = {2011},
	pages = {227-232},
	abstract = {This study investigated the genetic variation among thirteen geographic populations of the red palm weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier), using the Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RAPD- PCR) technique. RAPD profiles exhibited bands between 200 to 1400 bp in length. Average genetic distances among populations ranged from 0.3 to 0.8. Genetic distances among the analyzed individuals ranged from 0.241 (between individuals from populations of Egypt\&Turkey) to 1 (between individuals from populations of Japan\&both Egypt, Spain\&France). The Unweigthed Pair Group Method with Arithmetic (UPGMA) mean categorized the tested populations into twelve clusters. Based on results, it is suggested that there are two major routes of RPW invasion, the first is at the origin of all the populations found in Egypt and Mediterranean countries and second is at the origin of the populations found in the Arabic Peninsula, Iran and Pakistan. [copyright] 2011 Friends Science Publishers.},
	keywords = {Rhynchophorus ferrugineus},
	isbn = {1560-8530; 1814-9596},
	author = {El-Mergawy, Rabab A. A. M. and Al Ajlan, Abdulaziz M. and Abdallah, Naglaa A. and Nasr, Mahmould I. and Silvain, Jean-Francois}
}
@article {10833,
	title = {Studies on the morphology and histology of the ovary of red palm weevil female irradiated with gamma rays},
	journal = {Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology},
	volume = {13},
	number = {1},
	year = {2010},
	month = {Mar},
	pages = {9-16},
	abstract = {The present study involves red palm weevil adults Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Oliver) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) irradiated with 5, 10 or 15 Gy of gamma radiation. The biological effects of gamma irradiation on the F, adult females, descendant of irradiated parental male pupae, were studied. The percentage egg hatch decreased significantly, as the dose increased, compared with the untreated control. The effect of gamma irradiation on the morphology of the ovaries showed a remarkable effect on size, shape and measurement of the paired ovaries. Additionally, histological studies showed some damages by irradiation of the oocytes maturation, which increased with increasing close. These symptoms were elongation of the terminal filament, rupture, separation, or shrinkage of external sheath and follicular epithelium, degenerated or absent of nurse cells, and ruptured oocytes at 15 Gy. Vacuolation appeared in different degrees inside the oocytes and the nurse cells were absent in some areas. The damage in the oocytes was more severe as the dose was increased. The follicular epithelium was thin, oocytes clumped together throughout the ovariole causing some oocytes become abnormal or rectangular in shape. [copyright] Korean Society of Applied Entomology, Taiwan Entomological Society and Malaysian Plant Protection Society, 2009 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
	keywords = {Rhynchophorus ferrugineus},
	isbn = {1226-8615},
	author = {El Naggar, Samira E. M. and Mohamed, Hussein F. and Mahmoud, Eman A.}
}
@article {10662,
	title = {Lower temperature thresholds for oviposition and egg hatching of the Red Palm Weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), in a Mediterranean climate},
	journal = {Bulletin of Entomological Research},
	volume = {102},
	number = {1},
	year = {2012},
	month = {February},
	pages = {97-102},
	abstract = {The red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is an economically important pest of palms worldwide. To better understand the phenology of R. ferrugineus populations in the Mediterranean basin, the objective of the present work has been to estimate the effect of temperatures within the range 10[long dash]25[degree]C on the reproductive parameters of R. ferrugineus and to determine its lower temperature thresholds for oviposition and egg hatching. Our results confirm that oviposition in R. ferrugineus is strongly affected by temperature. Lower thresholds for oviposition and egg hatching (15.45[degree] and 13.95[degree]C, respectively) are below the mean monthly temperatures registered in winter in most of the northern shore of the Mediterranean basin. Under these circumstances, new palm infestations would be difficult during most of the winter. These results should be taken into account when planning some palm management practices, such as pruning or pesticide treatments, in areas under a Mediterranean climate.},
	keywords = {Rhynchophorus ferrugineus},
	isbn = {0007-4853},
	author = {Dembilio, O. and Tapia, G. V. and Tellez, M. M. and Jacas, J. A.}
}
@article {10659,
	title = {Bio-ecology and integrated management of the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), in the region of Valencia (Spain)},
	journal = {Hellenic Plant Protection Journal},
	volume = {5},
	number = {1},
	year = {2012},
	month = {January},
	pages = {1-12},
	abstract = {The invasive red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier (Coleoptera: Curculioni- dae), is one of the most destructive pests of palms in the world. It is widely distributed in all continents and has been reported on 26 palm species belonging to 16 different genera. In the Mediterranean basin, R. ferrugineus has become the major pest of palms, mainly Phoenix canariensis hort. ex Chabaud, an endemic palm to the Canary Islands widely used as ornamental. In this manuscript we summarize the research that the UJI-IVIA Unit has carried out on this pest. The first objective of our work was to determine different bio-ecological parameters of R. ferrugineus under natural conditions in a Mediterranean climate. Washingtonia filifera is the only palm species included in our studies showing mechanisms of complete resistance against R. ferrugineus. Although Chamaerops humilis and Phoenix theophrasti show antixenotic and antibiotic mechanisms of resistance, respectively, they cannot be considered as resistant against R. ferrugineus. Under Mediterranean climate, the preimaginal development of R. ferrugineus in P. canariensis takes 666.5 DD and the weevil can complete 13 larval instars. Based on the results obtained, less than one generation per year can be expected in areas with a mean annual temperature (MAT) below 15[degree]C and more than two in those with MAT above 19[degree]C. Oviposition in R. ferrugineus is also strongly affected by temperature. The thresholds for oviposition and egg hatching obtained are very close to MAT registered in most of the northern shore of the Mediterranean basin. Under these circum- stances, no new infestations would be expected during most of the winter. The second objective has been to improve chemical and biological control. Both imidacloprid and Steinernema carpocapsae in a chitosan formulation are highly effective against R. ferrugineus in the field. Different timings and product combinations were studied, and high efficacies were obtained in all cases. An indigenous strain of Beauveria bassiana, found naturally infecting pupae of R. ferrugineus, resulted highly virulent against all developmental stages of the weevil in the laboratory. Additionally, adults of either sex inoculated with the fungus efficiently transmitted the disease to healthy adults of the opposite sex and this result confirmed the potential of B. bassiana as a biological control agent against this pest. These results should help developing an integrated management program against this pest.},
	keywords = {Rhynchophorus ferrugineus},
	author = {Dembilio, O. and Jacas, J. A.}
}
@article {10660,
	title = {Are the palms Washingtonia filifera and Chamaerops humilis suitable hosts for the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Col. Curculionidae)?},
	journal = {Journal of Applied Entomology},
	volume = {133},
	number = {7},
	year = {2009},
	month = {August},
	pages = {565-567},
	abstract = {The red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae), is a widely distributed pest which has recently become the major pest of palms in the Mediterranean Basin. This weevil has been recorded on 19 different palm species, however, the host status of Washingtonia filifera and Chamaerops humilis remains unclear. The present study was carried out to check whether these species had either antixenotic or antibiotic mechanisms of resistance against this pest. Our results show that both W. filifera and C. humilis are resistant to R. ferrugineus. Resistance in W. filifera is based on antibiosis whereas in C. humilis resistance is based on antixenosis.},
	keywords = {Rhynchophorus ferrugineus},
	isbn = {0931-2048},
	author = {Dembilio, O. and Jacas, J. A. and Llacer, E.}
}
@article {10661,
	title = {Short communication. Susceptibility of Phoenix theophrasti (Palmae: Coryphoideae) to Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and its control using Steinernema carpocapsae in a chitosan formulation},
	journal = {Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research},
	volume = {9},
	number = {2},
	year = {2011},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {623-626},
	abstract = {The invasive red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Oliv. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is the most destructive pest of palms in the world. It has been reported on 19 palm species belonging to 15 different genera. The host status of the Cretan Date Palm, Phoenix theophrasti, remains unclear. Therefore, the present study was carried out to ascertain the host status of this protected palm species. Additionally, the efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes in a chitosan formulation to control this pest in P theophrasti was assessed. Our results showed that healthy 4-yr-old P theophrasti palms were not infested by adult females after 9 days exposure in a population density of 3 adults per plant. However, infestation was successful when neonate larvae were artificially introduced in palms. Therefore, natural populations of P theophrasti could be at risk. Gummy secretion was observed in both naturally and forced infested palms indicating the existence of antibiosis in this species. Curative applications with the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae in a chitosan formulation in early infested P theophrasti palms managed to reduce insect{\textquoteright}s activity and could help the palms to recover.},
	keywords = {Rhynchophorus ferrugineus},
	isbn = {1695-971X},
	author = {Dembilio, O. and Karamaouna, F. and Kontodimas, D. C. and Nomikou, M. and Jacas, J. A.}
}
@article {10658,
	title = {Basic bio-ecological parameters of the invasive Red Palm Weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), in Phoenix canariensis under Mediterranean climate},
	journal = {Bulletin of Entomological Research},
	volume = {101},
	number = {2},
	year = {2011},
	month = {Apr},
	pages = {153-163},
	abstract = {The invasive red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier (Coleoptera, Curculionidae), is one of the most destructive pests of palms in the world. Since its detection in the Mediterranean Basin, the ornamental Phoenix canariensis Hort. ex Chabaud has become its main host. This study was aimed at determining the life cycle of R. ferrugineus in live P. canariensis palms. Egg lethal temperature threshold and thermal constant were determined in the laboratory and resulted in 13.1[degree]C and 40.4 degree days (DD), respectively. A semi field assay was carried out in a mesh enclosure where living P. canariensis palms were artificially infested with neonate larvae at one-month intervals from June 2008 to May 2009 under natural conditions. Infested palms were dissected at different time intervals. Maximum mortality rates for R. ferrugineus were observed for palms infested either in December or January (100\%), whereas those infested from April through September showed maximum survival rates. Mean monthly temperatures below 10.3[degree]C were lethal for neonate larvae, as 4.5[degree]C were for older immature stages. All recovered larvae could be classed according to one of 13 instars. A thermal constant of 666.5 DD was estimated for complete larval development. Pupal develoment required an additional 282.5 DD. Based on these results and on the temperatures from 46 climatic stations selected in the Iberian Peninsula, less than one generation per year can be expected in areas with mean annual temperature below 15[degree]C and more than two where mean annual temperature is above 19[degree]C.},
	keywords = {Rhynchophorus ferrugineus},
	isbn = {0007-4853},
	author = {Dembilio, O. and Jacas, J. A.}
}
@article {9960,
	title = {Potential ecological implications of human entomophagy by subsistence groups of the Neotropics},
	journal = {Terrestrial Arthropod Reviews},
	volume = {1},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	month = {2008},
	pages = {81-93},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The practice of human entomophagy is important to the livelihood of many subsistence cultures. Insect foods are a source of protein in traditional diets and are often considered delicacies. While considerable research has been conducted on the nutritional benefits of insects to human welfare, there has been little focus on understanding how harvests of insect foods can potentially impact local ecology. In this paper, I address the potential ecological consequences of insect harvesting activities with a focus on Neotropical subsistence communities. I confine my discussion to four insect foods - palm weevils, bruchid beetles, ants, and termites. Insect harvesting has the potential to not only influence insect populations but also to alter ecological interactions between plant and insects. I propose that rigorous studies on insect harvest intensity, in space and time, are necessary steps in understanding the full effects of harvesting activities on insect populations and broader forest communities. Research on the ecological implications of insect harvests are important in the face of potential increases in the demand for insect food as a result of rapid population growth within indigenous communities and increased hunting pressures on wild game.},
	keywords = {Rhinostomus barbirostris, Rhynchophorus},
	author = {Choo, Juanita}
}
@article {9537,
	title = {Pests of the palm (Palmae sp.) and date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) determined in Turkey and evaluation of red palm weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)},
	journal = {Bulletin OEPP},
	volume = {38},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	month = {April},
	pages = {127-130},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {This paper covers the palm (Palmae sp.) and date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) pests which were determined by studies conducted in Turkey between 1941 and 2006. In total 15 species have been found to date: 1 belonging to Coccidae, 9 to Diaspididae, 1 to Margarodidae and 2 to Pseudococcidae families of the order Homoptera and 1 species to Scarabaeidae and 1 to Curculionidae families of the order Coleoptera. Among these pests, red palm weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier) has caused a great deal of damage in recent years.},
	keywords = {Rhynchophorus ferrugineus},
	isbn = {0250-8052},
	author = {Bozbuga, R. and Hazir, Adalet}
}
@article {9420,
	title = {Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier, 1790) (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea: Dryophthoridae), an exotic weevil recently introduced into Portugal},
	journal = {Bolet{\'\i}n de la SEA},
	volume = {42},
	year = {2008},
	month = {31 mayo},
	pages = {425-426},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The tropical weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus was first recorded in southern Portugal from a region with a Mediterranean-type climate, in August 2007. Five months later, some infested Phoenix canariensis and Phoenix dactylifera palms were found 500 km north of the first infested area. The absence of infested palm trees between these two regions is an indication of the important role played by the transportation of adult palm trees in the insect{\textquoteright}s dispersal. The climatic differences between these two infested spots show that the insect is able to colonize temperate areas as well. The presence of other arthropods and mice associated with R. ferrugineus is also mentioned.},
	keywords = {Rhynchophorus ferrugineus},
	isbn = {1134-6094},
	author = {Boavida, Conceicao and da Franca, Maria Fernanda}
}
@article {9031,
	title = {Data sheets on quarantine pests: Rhynchophorus ferrugineus},
	journal = {Bulletin OEPP},
	volume = {38},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	month = {April},
	pages = {55-59},
	type = {Article},
	keywords = {Rhynchophorus ferrugineus},
	isbn = {0250-8052},
	author = {Anonymous}
}
@article {8985,
	title = {Effect of color on the trapping effectiveness of red palm weevil pheromone traps},
	journal = {Journal of Entomology},
	volume = {7},
	number = {1},
	year = {2010},
	month = {2010},
	pages = {54-59},
	abstract = {The Red Palm Weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier (Curculionidae: Coleoptera), is the most serious and difficult to control insect pest on date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) in the United Arab Emirates. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of trap color on trap effectiveness in catching R. ferrugineus. Traps baited with the male aggregation pheromone of the red palm weevil were installed in four date palm farms in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, in 2007. Seven trap colors were tested for attraction to the red palm weevil (red, green, blue, orange, pink, yellow and white). The highest weevil catch was achieved in the red trap (p<0.05). Present results indicate that trap color has a significant effect on trap effectiveness, which suggests that dark-colored traps in general and the red in particular, catch more weevils. Therefore, the use of red traps will be more effective in the control programs of this economic pest.},
	keywords = {Rhynchophorus ferrugineus},
	isbn = {1812-5670; 1812-5689},
	author = {Al-Saoud, A. H. and Al-Deeb, M. A. and Murchie, A. K.}
}
@article {8939,
	title = {Evaluation of date palm cultivars for rearing the red date palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)},
	journal = {Florida Entomologist},
	volume = {91},
	number = {3},
	year = {2008},
	month = {September},
	pages = {353-358},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {Development of red date palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) was evaluated on 4 popular cultivars of date palm, viz., {\textquoteright}Khalas{\textquoteright}, {\textquoteright}Sukkary{\textquoteright}, {\textquoteright}Khasab{\textquoteright}, and {\textquoteright}Sillaj{\textquoteright} for 2 consecutive generations. The weevils reared on {\textquoteright}Sukkary{\textquoteright} showed significantly better growth expressed in most parameters such as length, width and weight at larval, pupal and adult stages. Significantly greater numbers of eggs were laid on cv. {\textquoteright}Sukkary{\textquoteright} as compared to the other 3 cultivars. This might be because of higher sugar content of cv. {\textquoteright}Sukkary{\textquoteright}. Adult lifespan was significantly longer on cv. {\textquoteright}Khasab{\textquoteright}. Though more cocoons were harvested from {\textquoteright}Khalas{\textquoteright}, frequency of adult emergence was better on {\textquoteright}Sukkary{\textquoteright}. Male to female ratio was similar on all date palm cultivars.},
	keywords = {Rhynchophorus ferrugineus},
	isbn = {0015-4040},
	author = {Al-Ayedh, H.}
}
@article {8940,
	title = {Evaluating a semi-synthetic diet for rearing the red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)},
	journal = {International Journal of Tropical Insect Science},
	volume = {31},
	number = {1-2},
	year = {2011},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {20-28},
	abstract = {Experiments were performed to evaluate the effectiveness of a semi-synthetic diet developed from locally available ingredients in Saudi Arabia for the laboratory rearing of the red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Oliv. The diet was developed based on existing literature, in addition to screening for a number of ingredients from locally available materials. Maize flour, wheat flour, shredded date palm frond tissue and distilled water were chosen as the final ingredients for the diet. Red palm weevils were successfully reared on this semi-synthetic diet and these ingredients were found capable of supporting larval development. However, larval weight decreased on this diet. The larval growth rate on the semi-synthetic diet was comparable to the standard growth rate achieved on date palm. One additional larval instar was observed on the diet. No significant differences were observed in the tested behavioural parameters between females fed the semi-synthetic diet versus those fed the natural diet. In conclusion, red palm weevils can be successfully reared on this semi-synthetic diet, and further optimization of it is warranted.},
	keywords = {Rhynchophorus ferrugineus},
	isbn = {1742-7584},
	author = {Al-Ayedh, H. Y.}
}
@article {8942,
	title = {Rearing Optimization of Red Palm Weevil: Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on Date Palm: Phoenix dactylifera},
	journal = {Florida Entomologist},
	volume = {94},
	number = {4},
	year = {2011},
	month = {December},
	pages = {756-760},
	abstract = {Red Palm Weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier (RPW), is the most deleterious pest of date palm Phoenix dactylifera, spreading rapidly in date palm growing countries around the globe. To facilitate behavioral and biological studies on this important pest, a study to optimize rearing procedures was conducted at King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. RPW pairs were introduced into date palm bolts and subsequent RPW populations were harvested at the pupal stage. The populations of RPW resulting from different numbers of introduced RPW pairs and the use of mated vs. virgin RPW pairs were compared for different date palm cultivars and sizes of the bolts. Results indicated that RPW can successfully be reared on date palm bolts. Subsequent population was increased with increases in numbers of introduced RPW pairs. Date palm cultivars significantly influenced the subsequent RPW population. Thickness of the date palm bolt wase positively correlated with the subsequent RPW population. Introducing mated vs. virgin RPW pairs did not show any significant effect on subsequent RPW population.},
	keywords = {Rhynchophorus ferrugineus},
	isbn = {0015-4040},
	author = {Aldawood, A. S. and Rasool, K. G.}
}
@article {8935,
	title = {A putative serine protease from larval midgut of red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): partial purification and biochemical characterization},
	journal = {American Journal of Environmental Sciences},
	volume = {4},
	number = {6},
	year = {2008},
	month = {2008},
	pages = {595-601},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {A putative serine protease was isolated and partially purified from larval midgut of red palm weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) using anion exchange chromatography, DE-52. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of this protease showed that the major band has a molecular weight of approximately 24 kDa corresponding to the same molecular weight of mammalian trypsin. In addition, zymography analysis of the protease showed a single band corresponding to the same molecular weight has been measured by SDS-PAGE. Highest specific activity measured by radial diffusion of the enzyme into a casein-containing gel was achieved in 0.5 M NaCl eluate. The enzyme was characterized at different pH, substrate concentrations and various time intervals. The optimum conditions for proteolytic activity were achieved at pH 9.5 and 0.1 mg casein as substrate per mL. Furthermore, the highest activity was revealed after 28 hrs at room temperature. Moreover, soybean trypsin inhibitor dramatically inhibits the caseinolytic activity by 70 and 100 \% at 10 and 25 [mu]g respectively.},
	keywords = {Rhynchophorus ferrugineus},
	isbn = {1553-345X},
	author = {Al Jabr, Ahmed and Abo-El-Saad, Mahmoud}
}
@article {8894,
	title = {Isolation of yeasts from palm tissues damaged by the red palm weevil and their possible effect on the weevil overwintering},
	journal = {Mycoscience},
	volume = {51},
	number = {3},
	year = {2010},
	month = {May},
	pages = {215-223},
	abstract = {Rhynchophorus ferrugineus is a tropical pest of palms that has recently invaded Japan, where winter temperatures fall below 0[degree]C. Because activities of the weevil at temperatures <13[degree]C are extremely limited, it appears difficult for them to overwinter in Japan. However, the temperature of palm tissues damaged by this weevil has been observed to be higher than air temperature. Here, we looked for the cause of this temperature increase. First, we measured the temperature of damaged palm tissues and showed it to be between 30[degree]C and 40[degree]C, even in winter. Next, we isolated yeasts from the body of weevils and infested palm tissues and obtained 36 yeast strains, mostly Candida tropicalis and C. ethanolica. Then, we analyzed the soluble sugar composition in palm tissues and found that it included glucose, sucrose, and fructose. Because at least C. tropicalis can ferment some of these sugars, the temperature increase may be attributed to fermentation of microbes, including yeasts.},
	keywords = {Rhynchophorus ferrugineus},
	isbn = {1340-3540},
	author = {Abe, Fukiko and Ohkusu, Misako and Kubo, Tatsuya and Kawamoto, Susumu and Sone, Koichi and Hata, Kunihiko}
}
@article {8892,
	title = {Toxicological and histopathological studies of Boxus Buxus chinensis oil and precocene II on larvae of the red palm weevil Rynchophorus Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Oliver) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)},
	journal = {Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences A Entomology},
	volume = {2},
	number = {2},
	year = {2009},
	month = {2009},
	pages = {45-54},
	abstract = {Two natural biopesticides, (Boxus chinensis oil and precoceneII) were tested against 10 days-old larvae of the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus. The two biopesticidse had toxicological and pathological effects on Rh. ferrugineus larvae. The toxicity effect of B. chinensis was more than precoceneII against Rh. ferrugineus. In order of toxicity the LC50 of B. chinensis was 0.68\% while the LC50 of precoceneII was 1.36\%. On the other hand the mid-gut tissues of the 10 days old larvae were exhibited different histopathological lesions due to effect of B. chinensis. The alterations included analyze and destroyed of epithelial cells, vaculation of cytoplasm and dissolve of nuclei of the epithelial cells.},
	keywords = {Rhynchophorus ferrugineus},
	isbn = {1687-8809; 2090-0813},
	author = {Abdullah, Mohammed A. R.}
}
@article {8893,
	title = {Life history of the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Dryophtoridae), in southern Japan},
	journal = {Florida Entomologist},
	volume = {92},
	number = {3},
	year = {2009},
	month = {September},
	pages = {421-425},
	abstract = {We surveyed the life history of the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae), in southern Japan, including seasonal changes in the flight activity of adults and composition of R. ferrugineus in different developmental stages in a total of 17 infested Phoenix canariensis trees which were cut down in 2003-2005. The flight of adults began in Mar, showed some peaks in summer and autumn, and ceased in mid-Dec. Various stages of individuals inhabited infested R canariensis trees throughout the year. The composition of individuals at different stages in late fall was dependent on the resource (white intact tissue) availability in R canariensis trees. In R canariensis trees where considerable resource remained, all stages of larvae, pupae, and adults were found, whereas in palm trees with no resource, few young- and medium-stage larvae were observed. The temperature in the infested part of a palm trunk was 30[degree]C or higher even in winter. From these results, we view the life history of R. ferrugineus in southern Japan as follows: Adults emerge from host trees in spring and continue to attack host trees until late fall. Rhynchophorus ferrugineus grows even in winter if intact tissue remains at the peripheral part of trunks, and there may be 3 or 4 generations per year. A cold winter probably does not have any negative effects on successful colonization of R. ferrugineus in Japan.},
	keywords = {Rhynchophorus ferrugineus},
	isbn = {0015-4040},
	author = {Abe, Fukiko and Hata, Kunihiko and Sone, Koichi}
}
@article {8890,
	title = {Detection of insect immunity substances (lectins) in the midgut extracts from larvae and adult red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) in AI-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia},
	journal = {Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences},
	volume = {13},
	number = {5},
	year = {2010},
	month = {1st March},
	pages = {223-228},
	abstract = {The hemagglutination activities of midgut (MG) fractions of red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus against mammalian erythrocytes (RBC) from man (ABO), rabbit, horse and sheep were studied. The highest titers were seen with rabbit RBC (p<0.05) followed by human group B, human group 0, horse, human group A, human group AB and sheep, respectively. Insect age and nutritional status significantly influenced the agglutinating activities. Some of the unfed insects were having low activities (p>0.01) than the well fed insects (p<0.05). The agglutination activities were linearly correlated with the insect age. The agglutination activities were higher in old insects than the young insects (p<0.05). Further studies are needed to investigate the lectins in the hemolymph of the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus beside demonstrating their agglutination activities against the natural entomopathogenes organisms of this economically important insect for use in its biological control.},
	keywords = {Rhynchophorus ferrugineus},
	isbn = {1028-8880},
	author = {Abdally, M. H. and Abo-Elsaad, M. M. and Al-Shaggag, A. A. and Al-Bagshy, M. M. and Al-Shawaf, A. A.}
}
@article {8549,
	title = {GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM USED FOR ASSESSING THE ACTIVITY OF THE RED PALM WEEVIL RHYNCHOPHORUS FERRUGINEUS (OLIVIER) IN THE DATE PALM OASIS OF AL-HASSA, SAUDI ARABIA},
	journal = {Journal of Plant Protection Research},
	volume = {51},
	number = {3},
	year = {2011},
	month = {Jul},
	pages = {234-239},
	abstract = {In Al-Hassa, Saudi Arabia, the red palm weevil (RPW) Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) is managed through the use of a pheromone trap based area-wide Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programme, covering nearly 3.0 million date palms. In this study, Geographic Information System (GIS) based techniques were used to study the spatial spread of RPW in two RPW-IPM areas of Al-Hassa viz. Al-Khadoud (297 ha) and Sodah (168 ha) with high and low weevil activity, respectively. The position of RPW pheromone traps in both Al-Khadoud (140 traps) and Sodah (84 traps) were logged using the Trimble Geographic Positioning System (GPS), to determine the East Longitude and North Latitude of each pheromone trap. The Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinates for each trap were also recorded. The weevil captures in pheromone traps, and the infestation reports for 2008 in the above operational areas were reported, Based on the reports, the territorial spread of the weevils and spatial distribution of infestations due to RPW on date palm, was depicted for both Al-Khadoud and Sodah at five levels. Further, regression analysis was carried out to ascertain the relationship between annual weevil captures (Y) in pheromone traps and infestation (X) reports for 2008, on a 10 ha scale, in Al-Khadoud and Sodah, through linear regression. Based on high R2 values (>0.70), we selected Y = 121.0 + 4.515X as the model that could quantify the above pest-infestation relationship in Al-Hassa. This study can serve as a basis for incorporating GIS technology for improving the on going RPW management strategy, in Al-Hassa, Saudi Arabia.},
	keywords = {Rhynchophorus ferrugineus},
	isbn = {1427-4345},
	author = {Massoud, Massoud Abd-Elaty and Faleiro, Jose Romeno and El-Saad, Mahmoud Abo and Sultan, Essa}
}
@article {8550,
	title = {Geographic information system-based study to ascertain the spatial and temporal spread of red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in date plantations},
	journal = {International Journal of Tropical Insect Science},
	volume = {32},
	number = {2},
	year = {2012},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {108-115},
	abstract = {Red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier is a key pest of date palm in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Since 1994, the Ministry of Agriculture has implemented a pheromone-based integrated pest management (IPM) strategy to control R. ferrugineus in the Kingdom. Geographic information system (GIS) technology can serve as a valuable tool to assess insect activity and in addition the impact of the control strategy. We used GIS-based techniques to ascertain the spatial and temporal spread of R. ferrugineus in 234 ha of date plantation in Al-Sohemia-1 in the Al-Ahsa region of Saudi Arabia. One hundred and fifty six pheromone (Ferrolure(TM)) traps in Al-Sohemia-1 were logged using the Trimble global positioning system to determine the east longitude and north latitude of each pheromone trap and transformed to the GIS as a shape file. The spatial and temporal variations for R. ferrugineus activity based on captures in pheromone traps were studied for each of the four seasons of the year and also year-wise during 2009 and 2010. Results revealed that during both 2009 and 2010, maximum weevil activity was recorded during late spring and early summer, with captures declining during autumn and winter. Spatial variations in the activity of R. ferrugineus indicated that in general 2009 registered lower weevil activity compared with 2010. Furthermore, most of the area exhibited medium to very high weevil activity in spring and summer during both 2009 and 2010, while most of the area recorded very low to low weevil activity during the autumn and winter seasons of both the years. The ongoing R. ferrugineus-IPM programme in Al-Ahsa needs to be strengthened in areas showing high to very high weevil activity.},
	keywords = {Rhynchophorus ferrugineus},
	isbn = {1742-7584},
	author = {Massoud, M. A. and Sallam, A. A. and Faleiro, J. R. and Al-Abdan, S.}
}
@article {8492,
	title = {Antimicrobial activity of the red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus},
	journal = {Bulletin of Insectology},
	volume = {64},
	number = {1},
	year = {2011},
	month = {2011},
	pages = {33-41},
	abstract = {The red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera Dryophthoridae), is an important pest of palms. Knowledge of both its natural enemies and its defensive mechanisms against predators and microorganisms is important to develop methods for an integrated pest control. Antimicrobial activity of the cuticular surface of adults and larvae, as well as of eggs, of this invasive species was investigated. This activity was tested against the Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis (Ehrenberg) Cohn and Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner, the Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli Escherich, and the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin and Metarhizium anisopliae (Metchnikoff) Sorokin. A similar analysis was conducted with the hemolymph of R. ferrugineus{\textquoteright} larvae infected by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Schroter) Migula, E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus Rosenbach. Polar surface fraction of extracts from adults and large larvae inhibits Gram-positive bacteria and the B. bassiana{\textquoteright}s growth, but not the growth of E. coli and M. anisopliae. Similarly, the hemolymph of larvae and the surface extracts of both small larvae and eggs seemed not to show any inhibition. Chemical analyses of the fraction exhibiting antimicrobial activity show the presence of some polar compounds ranging between 1000 and 1500 Dalton. This study improves our knowledge on the biology of R. ferrugineus and helps to suggest strategies for the biocontrol of this pest.},
	keywords = {Rhynchophorus ferrugineus},
	isbn = {1721-8861},
	author = {Mazza, Giuseppe and Arriza, Vincenzo and Baracchi, David and Barzanti, Gian Paolo and Benvenuti, Claudia and Francardi, Valeria and Frandi, Antonio and Gherardi, Francesca and Longo, Santi and Manachini, Barbara and Perito, Brunella and Rumine, Pietro and Schillaci, Domenico and Turillazzi, Stefano and Cervo, Rita}
}
@article {8489,
	title = {Just phoresy? Reduced lifespan in red palm weevils Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) infested by the mite Centrouropoda almerodai (Uroactiniinae: Uropodina)},
	journal = {Italian Journal of Zoology (Modena)},
	volume = {78},
	number = {1},
	year = {2011},
	month = {2011},
	pages = {101-105},
	abstract = {Invasive species usually act as carriers of their associated organisms like parasites and symbionts. This phenomenon has also occurred with the recent colonization of the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, in the Mediterranean area: this introduced pest is strictly associated with several species of mites (mainly belonging to the suborder Uropodina). In this paper, we document the high rate of infestation of Central and Southern Italian red palm weevil populations by the mite Centrouropoda almerodai. This mite species was found in all five investigated regions and infested the large majority of individuals (from 57 to 95\%) by settling preferentially under the first pair of wings. Although this mite-weevil association is usually considered as a phoretic relationship, i.e. without impact on hosts, our study revealed that infested individuals have a significantly reduced lifespan (by one-third) in comparison with those not infested. Our study provides evidences that C. almerodai imposes a cost on its carrier host, at least under laboratory conditions, leading us to believe that the R. ferrugineus-C. almerodai relationship is also not phoretic in the wild.},
	keywords = {Rhynchophorus ferrugineus},
	isbn = {1125-0003},
	author = {Mazza, G. and Cini, A. and Cervo, R. and Longo, S.}
}
@article {6004,
	title = {Bionomics and control of Rhyncophorus Rhynchophorus ferrugineus},
	journal = {Zhongguo Senlin Bingchong},
	volume = {27},
	number = {3},
	year = {2008},
	month = {May},
	pages = {12-13},
	type = {Article},
	keywords = {Rhynchophorus ferrugineus},
	isbn = {1671-0886},
	author = {Zhang, Yuefeng and Tang, Guoliang and Wang, Ling and , and et al}
}
@article {5196,
	title = {A rapid decision sampling plan for implementing area-wide management of the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, in coconut plantations of India},
	journal = {Journal of Insect Science (Tucson)},
	volume = {8},
	number = {15},
	year = {2008},
	month = {27 February},
	pages = {1-9},
	type = {Article},
	abstract = {The red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier (Curculionidae/Rhynchophoridae/Dryophthoridae) is a lethal pest of young coconut palms, Cocos nucifera L. (Arecales: Arecaceae), with a highly aggregated population distribution pattern. R. ferrugineus is managed in several coconut growing countries using area-wide pheromone based programmes that need a substantial commitment of funds over a period of time. Often, decisions to implement area-wide management of R. ferrugineus are based on pheromone trap captures in surveillance traps and or infestation reports. Implementing area-wide management of this pest on the basis of such data can be inaccurate, as it may either under or over estimate the pest intensity in the field. This study presents sampling plans for rapid and accurate classification of R. ferrugineus infestation in coconut plantations of India by inspecting palms to detect infestation in a sequence until a decision to either implement or not to initiate area-wide management of R. ferrugineus can be made. The sampling plans are based on a common aggregation index of 3.45, assumed action threshold values of either 1.0 (plan A) or 0.5 (plan B) per cent infested palms and a risk factor of making the wrong decision set at 0.05. Using plans A and B, if the cummulative number of infested palms in a young 1 hectare coconut plantation is zero out of 150 palms for both plans, then area-wide management is not required, while on the other hand, if the cummulative number of infested palms for the same area is 6 (plan A), or 5 (plan B), then area-wide management of R. ferrugineus is essential. The proposed sampling plans are efficient tools in decision making, particularly at very low and high levels of infestation and can also be used to assess the performance of R. ferrugineus IPM programmes that are in progress. These plans not only save time and money as only a small area needs to be sampled to arrive at a correct decision, but are also efficient in rating the infestation level accurately.},
	keywords = {Rhynchophorus ferrugineus},
	isbn = {1536-2442},
	url = {http://www.insectscience.org/papers},
	author = {Faleiro, J. R. and Kumar, J. Ashok}
}
@article {1897,
	title = {Primary study the insect pests, hosts and ecology of weevil attacking ornamental palm seedlings},
	journal = {Bulletin of Taichung District Agricultural Improvement Station},
	volume = {57},
	year = {1997},
	month = {December},
	pages = {43-48},
	type = {Article},
	keywords = {Asia, Behaviour, Diocalandra frumenti, Eurasia, Hosts, Land zones, Life cycle, Palaearctic region, parasite, Rhabdoscelus similis, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus},
	isbn = {0255-5905},
	url = {<Go to ISI>://ZOOREC:ZOOR13500050908},
	author = {Liao, Chung-Ta and Chen, Ching-Chung}
}
