02506nas a2200193   4500008004100000020001400041245015500055210006900210260000800279300001200287490000800299520174900307653003002056100002302086700002102109700002402130700002302154856013502177       2011                        eng d  a0022-201100aHemocytes of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and their response to Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Bacillus thuringiensis0 aHemocytes of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier Coleoptera Curcul  cMar  a360-3650 v1063 aOriginally from tropical Asia, the Red Palm Weevil (RPW Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier)) is the most dangerous and deadly pest of many palm trees, and there have been reports of its recent detection in France, Greece and Italy. At present, emphasis is on the development of integrated pest management based on biological control rather than on chemical insecticides, however the success of both systems is often insufficient. In this regard, RPW appears to be one pest that is very difficult to control. Thus investigations into the natural defences of this curculionid are advisable. RPW hemocytes, the main immunocompetent cells in the insect, are described for the first time. We identified five hemocyte cell types from the hemolymph of R. ferrugineus: plasmatocytes ([approximately]50%), granulocytes ([approximately]35%), prohemocytes ([approximately]8%), oenocytes ([approximately]4%) and spherulocytes ([approximately]3%). SEM observations were also carried out. some aspects of RPW interaction with non-self organisms, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the entomopathogen bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), are discussed. Plasmatocytes and granulocytes were involved in nodules and capsule formation as well as in the phagocytosis of yeast. The hemocyte response of RPW larvae to sub-lethal doses of commercial products containing Bt was examined. In vivo assays were carried out and Bt in vegetative form was found in the hemolymph. After a diet containing Bt, the number of total hemocytes, mainly plasmatocytes, in the RPW larva hemolymph declined sharply ([approximately]12%) and then remained at a low level, while the number of other circulating cells was almost unchanged. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.10aRhynchophorus ferrugineus1 aManachini, Barbara1 aArizza, Vincenzo1 aParrinello, Daniela1 aParrinello, Nicolo  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/hemocytes-rhynchophorus-ferrugineus-olivier-coleoptera-curculionidae-and-their-response-saccharomy-002506nas a2200193   4500008004100000020001400041245015500055210006900210260000800279300001200287490000800299520174900307653003002056100002302086700002102109700002402130700002302154856013502177       2011                        eng d  a0022-201100aHemocytes of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and their response to Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Bacillus thuringiensis0 aHemocytes of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier Coleoptera Curcul  cMar  a360-3650 v1063 aOriginally from tropical Asia, the Red Palm Weevil (RPW Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier)) is the most dangerous and deadly pest of many palm trees, and there have been reports of its recent detection in France, Greece and Italy. At present, emphasis is on the development of integrated pest management based on biological control rather than on chemical insecticides, however the success of both systems is often insufficient. In this regard, RPW appears to be one pest that is very difficult to control. Thus investigations into the natural defences of this curculionid are advisable. RPW hemocytes, the main immunocompetent cells in the insect, are described for the first time. We identified five hemocyte cell types from the hemolymph of R. ferrugineus: plasmatocytes ([approximately]50%), granulocytes ([approximately]35%), prohemocytes ([approximately]8%), oenocytes ([approximately]4%) and spherulocytes ([approximately]3%). SEM observations were also carried out. some aspects of RPW interaction with non-self organisms, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the entomopathogen bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), are discussed. Plasmatocytes and granulocytes were involved in nodules and capsule formation as well as in the phagocytosis of yeast. The hemocyte response of RPW larvae to sub-lethal doses of commercial products containing Bt was examined. In vivo assays were carried out and Bt in vegetative form was found in the hemolymph. After a diet containing Bt, the number of total hemocytes, mainly plasmatocytes, in the RPW larva hemolymph declined sharply ([approximately]12%) and then remained at a low level, while the number of other circulating cells was almost unchanged. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.10aRhynchophorus ferrugineus1 aManachini, Barbara1 aArizza, Vincenzo1 aParrinello, Daniela1 aParrinello, Nicolo  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/hemocytes-rhynchophorus-ferrugineus-olivier-coleoptera-curculionidae-and-their-response-saccharomyce02489nas a2200325   4500008004100000020001400041245007600055210006900131260000900200300001000209490000700219520148700226653003001713100002001743700002101763700002001784700002601804700002301830700002301853700002001876700002401896700001701920700002301937700002101960700001901981700002402000700002402024700001602048856009902064       2011                        eng d  a1721-886100aAntimicrobial activity of the red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus0 aAntimicrobial activity of the red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferr  c2011  a33-410 v643 aThe red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera Dryophthoridae), is an important pest of palms. Knowledge of both its natural enemies and its defensive mechanisms against predators and microorganisms is important to develop methods for an integrated pest control. Antimicrobial activity of the cuticular surface of adults and larvae, as well as of eggs, of this invasive species was investigated. This activity was tested against the Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis (Ehrenberg) Cohn and Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner, the Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli Escherich, and the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin and Metarhizium anisopliae (Metchnikoff) Sorokin. A similar analysis was conducted with the hemolymph of R. ferrugineus' larvae infected by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Schroter) Migula, E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus Rosenbach. Polar surface fraction of extracts from adults and large larvae inhibits Gram-positive bacteria and the B. bassiana's growth, but not the growth of E. coli and M. anisopliae. Similarly, the hemolymph of larvae and the surface extracts of both small larvae and eggs seemed not to show any inhibition. Chemical analyses of the fraction exhibiting antimicrobial activity show the presence of some polar compounds ranging between 1000 and 1500 Dalton. This study improves our knowledge on the biology of R. ferrugineus and helps to suggest strategies for the biocontrol of this pest.10aRhynchophorus ferrugineus1 aMazza, Giuseppe1 aArriza, Vincenzo1 aBaracchi, David1 aBarzanti, Gian, Paolo1 aBenvenuti, Claudia1 aFrancardi, Valeria1 aFrandi, Antonio1 aGherardi, Francesca1 aLongo, Santi1 aManachini, Barbara1 aPerito, Brunella1 aRumine, Pietro1 aSchillaci, Domenico1 aTurillazzi, Stefano1 aCervo, Rita  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/antimicrobial-activity-red-palm-weevil-rhynchophorus-ferrugineus