01708nas a2200157   4500008004100000020001400041245016000055210006900215260001300284300001200297490000700309520104500316653003001361100002401391856013501415       2011                        eng d  a0015-404000aRecent Developments in the Use of Acoustic Sensors and Signal Processing Tools to Target Early Infestations of Red Palm Weevil in Agricultural Environments0 aRecent Developments in the Use of Acoustic Sensors and Signal Pr  cDecember  a761-7650 v943 aMuch of the damage caused by red palm weevil larvae to date palms, ornamental palms, and palm offshoots could be mitigated by early detection and treatment of infestations. Acoustic technology has potential to enable early detection, but the short, high-frequency sound impulses produced by red palm weevil larvae can be difficult to distinguish from certain similar sounds produced by other insects or small animals, or by wind-induced tapping noises. Considerable research has been conducted to develop instruments and signal processing software that selectively amplify insect-produced sounds and identify signal features that distinguish sounds produced by a particular target insect from those produced by other causes. Progress has been made in identifying unique spectral and temporal patterns in the sounds produced by larvae during movement and feeding activities. This report describes some of the new instrumentation and signal analyses available for early, reliable detection of red palm weevil larvae in groves and greenhouses.10aRhynchophorus ferrugineus1 aMankin, Richard, W.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/recent-developments-use-acoustic-sensors-and-signal-processing-tools-target-early-infestations-red-002337nas a2200217   4500008004500000020001400045245016200059210006900221260000900290300001200299490000700311520153700318653003001855100001901885700001601904700001701920700001501937700001601952700001601968856013501984       2008                        Engldsh    a0015-404000aTemporal and spectral features of sounds of wood-boring beetle larvae: identifiable patterns of activity enable improved discrimination from background noise0 aTemporal and spectral features of sounds of woodboring beetle la  cJune  a241-2480 v913 aRhynchophorus (curculionid) larvae produce economic damage to ornamental and date palm crops that could be mitigated significantly by early detection and treatment. Acoustic technology enables early detection, but often it is difficult to distinguish insect sounds from background noise containing energy at the resonant frequencies of stiff, fibrous structures in trees and other plants. Tests were conducted with currently available acoustic instrumentation and software to assess the capability of these methods to discriminate curculionid, cerambycid, and buprestid larval sounds from background noise in woody structures. An approach to the discrimination problem is to monitor the temporal patterns of the 3-10-ms sound impulses produced by locomotory and feeding activities. Playback and computer analyses of larval sounds revealed trains of impulses separated by intervals of less than 500 ms that experienced listeners frequently use as indications of potential insect sounds. Further analyses identified a subgroup of trains, denoted as bursts, containing > 6 and 200 impulses, which occurred frequently when larvae were present but only rarely when larvae were absent. The incorporation of bursts into the analysis process significantly improved the capability to distinguish sounds produced by beetle larvae from background noise when these insects were hidden in stiff, fibrous structures, and likely will be of assistance also in other applications where consistent activity patterns of hidden pests can be identified.10aRhynchophorus ferrugineus1 aMankin, R., W.1 aMizrach, A.1 aHetzroni, A.1 aLevsky, S.1 aNakache, Y.1 aSoroker, V.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/temporal-and-spectral-features-sounds-wood-boring-beetle-larvae-identifiable-patterns-activity-ena-002506nas a2200193   4500008004100000020001400041245015500055210006900210260000800279300001200287490000800299520174900307653003002056100002302086700002102109700002402130700002302154856013502177       2011                        eng d  a0022-201100aHemocytes of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and their response to Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Bacillus thuringiensis0 aHemocytes of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier Coleoptera Curcul  cMar  a360-3650 v1063 aOriginally from tropical Asia, the Red Palm Weevil (RPW Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier)) is the most dangerous and deadly pest of many palm trees, and there have been reports of its recent detection in France, Greece and Italy. At present, emphasis is on the development of integrated pest management based on biological control rather than on chemical insecticides, however the success of both systems is often insufficient. In this regard, RPW appears to be one pest that is very difficult to control. Thus investigations into the natural defences of this curculionid are advisable. RPW hemocytes, the main immunocompetent cells in the insect, are described for the first time. We identified five hemocyte cell types from the hemolymph of R. ferrugineus: plasmatocytes ([approximately]50%), granulocytes ([approximately]35%), prohemocytes ([approximately]8%), oenocytes ([approximately]4%) and spherulocytes ([approximately]3%). SEM observations were also carried out. some aspects of RPW interaction with non-self organisms, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the entomopathogen bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), are discussed. Plasmatocytes and granulocytes were involved in nodules and capsule formation as well as in the phagocytosis of yeast. The hemocyte response of RPW larvae to sub-lethal doses of commercial products containing Bt was examined. In vivo assays were carried out and Bt in vegetative form was found in the hemolymph. After a diet containing Bt, the number of total hemocytes, mainly plasmatocytes, in the RPW larva hemolymph declined sharply ([approximately]12%) and then remained at a low level, while the number of other circulating cells was almost unchanged. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.10aRhynchophorus ferrugineus1 aManachini, Barbara1 aArizza, Vincenzo1 aParrinello, Daniela1 aParrinello, Nicolo  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/hemocytes-rhynchophorus-ferrugineus-olivier-coleoptera-curculionidae-and-their-response-saccharomy-002337nas a2200217   4500008004500000020001400045245016200059210006900221260000900290300001200299490000700311520153700318653003001855100001901885700001601904700001701920700001501937700001601952700001601968856013501984       2008                        Engldsh    a0015-404000aTemporal and spectral features of sounds of wood-boring beetle larvae: identifiable patterns of activity enable improved discrimination from background noise0 aTemporal and spectral features of sounds of woodboring beetle la  cJune  a241-2480 v913 aRhynchophorus (curculionid) larvae produce economic damage to ornamental and date palm crops that could be mitigated significantly by early detection and treatment. Acoustic technology enables early detection, but often it is difficult to distinguish insect sounds from background noise containing energy at the resonant frequencies of stiff, fibrous structures in trees and other plants. Tests were conducted with currently available acoustic instrumentation and software to assess the capability of these methods to discriminate curculionid, cerambycid, and buprestid larval sounds from background noise in woody structures. An approach to the discrimination problem is to monitor the temporal patterns of the 3-10-ms sound impulses produced by locomotory and feeding activities. Playback and computer analyses of larval sounds revealed trains of impulses separated by intervals of less than 500 ms that experienced listeners frequently use as indications of potential insect sounds. Further analyses identified a subgroup of trains, denoted as bursts, containing > 6 and 200 impulses, which occurred frequently when larvae were present but only rarely when larvae were absent. The incorporation of bursts into the analysis process significantly improved the capability to distinguish sounds produced by beetle larvae from background noise when these insects were hidden in stiff, fibrous structures, and likely will be of assistance also in other applications where consistent activity patterns of hidden pests can be identified.10aRhynchophorus ferrugineus1 aMankin, R., W.1 aMizrach, A.1 aHetzroni, A.1 aLevsky, S.1 aNakache, Y.1 aSoroker, V.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/temporal-and-spectral-features-sounds-wood-boring-beetle-larvae-identifiable-patterns-activity-enabl01708nas a2200157   4500008004100000020001400041245016000055210006900215260001300284300001200297490000700309520104500316653003001361100002401391856013501415       2011                        eng d  a0015-404000aRecent Developments in the Use of Acoustic Sensors and Signal Processing Tools to Target Early Infestations of Red Palm Weevil in Agricultural Environments0 aRecent Developments in the Use of Acoustic Sensors and Signal Pr  cDecember  a761-7650 v943 aMuch of the damage caused by red palm weevil larvae to date palms, ornamental palms, and palm offshoots could be mitigated by early detection and treatment of infestations. Acoustic technology has potential to enable early detection, but the short, high-frequency sound impulses produced by red palm weevil larvae can be difficult to distinguish from certain similar sounds produced by other insects or small animals, or by wind-induced tapping noises. Considerable research has been conducted to develop instruments and signal processing software that selectively amplify insect-produced sounds and identify signal features that distinguish sounds produced by a particular target insect from those produced by other causes. Progress has been made in identifying unique spectral and temporal patterns in the sounds produced by larvae during movement and feeding activities. This report describes some of the new instrumentation and signal analyses available for early, reliable detection of red palm weevil larvae in groves and greenhouses.10aRhynchophorus ferrugineus1 aMankin, Richard, W.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/recent-developments-use-acoustic-sensors-and-signal-processing-tools-target-early-infestations-red-p02506nas a2200193   4500008004100000020001400041245015500055210006900210260000800279300001200287490000800299520174900307653003002056100002302086700002102109700002402130700002302154856013502177       2011                        eng d  a0022-201100aHemocytes of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and their response to Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Bacillus thuringiensis0 aHemocytes of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier Coleoptera Curcul  cMar  a360-3650 v1063 aOriginally from tropical Asia, the Red Palm Weevil (RPW Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier)) is the most dangerous and deadly pest of many palm trees, and there have been reports of its recent detection in France, Greece and Italy. At present, emphasis is on the development of integrated pest management based on biological control rather than on chemical insecticides, however the success of both systems is often insufficient. In this regard, RPW appears to be one pest that is very difficult to control. Thus investigations into the natural defences of this curculionid are advisable. RPW hemocytes, the main immunocompetent cells in the insect, are described for the first time. We identified five hemocyte cell types from the hemolymph of R. ferrugineus: plasmatocytes ([approximately]50%), granulocytes ([approximately]35%), prohemocytes ([approximately]8%), oenocytes ([approximately]4%) and spherulocytes ([approximately]3%). SEM observations were also carried out. some aspects of RPW interaction with non-self organisms, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the entomopathogen bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), are discussed. Plasmatocytes and granulocytes were involved in nodules and capsule formation as well as in the phagocytosis of yeast. The hemocyte response of RPW larvae to sub-lethal doses of commercial products containing Bt was examined. In vivo assays were carried out and Bt in vegetative form was found in the hemolymph. After a diet containing Bt, the number of total hemocytes, mainly plasmatocytes, in the RPW larva hemolymph declined sharply ([approximately]12%) and then remained at a low level, while the number of other circulating cells was almost unchanged. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.10aRhynchophorus ferrugineus1 aManachini, Barbara1 aArizza, Vincenzo1 aParrinello, Daniela1 aParrinello, Nicolo  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/hemocytes-rhynchophorus-ferrugineus-olivier-coleoptera-curculionidae-and-their-response-saccharomyce02085nas a2200241   4500008004500000020001400045245016700059210006900226260000900295300001200304490000700316520119300323653001801516653003001534100002101564700001601585700002801601700001901629700002401648700001901672700001701691856013501708       2008                        Engldsh    a1388-554500aTeratorhabditis synpapillata Sudhaus, 1985 (Rhabditida: Rhabditidae) is an associate of the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)0 aTeratorhabditis synpapillata Sudhaus 1985 Rhabditida Rhabditidae  c2008  a207-2180 v103 aTeratorhabditis synpapillata, originally described from cow dung in Bali, was isolated from the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, in Japan. Dauer juveniles were isolated from beneath the elytra of five specimens of R. ferrugineus that had emerged from a dead Canary Island date palm, Phoenix canariensis, in Kagoshima, Japan. The dauer juveniles were cultured on a NGM agar plate and the adult nematodes observed and measured with the aid of light microscopy. The full length of the ribosomal small subunit (SSU) and D2/D3 expansion segment of the ribosomal large subunit (LSU) were sequenced for molecular identification. Based upon morphology, molecular profile and a hybridisation test, the nematode was confirmed as T. synpapillata. A comparison of morphology and morphometrics suggests that the only other nematode reported from R. ferrugineus (= 'Pelodera rhynchophori') is also conspecific with T. synpapillata. A phylogenetic analysis using SSU and LSU rRNA gene sequences fully resolves the relationships of four Teratorhabditis and six outgroup species and demonstrates a sister group relationship of T. synpapillata and T. palmarum, another associate of palm weevils.10aRhynchophorus10aRhynchophorus ferrugineus1 aKanzaki, Natsumi1 aAbe, Fukiko1 aGiblin-Davis, Robin, M.1 aKiontke, Karin1 aFitch, David, H. A.1 aHata, Kunihiko1 aSone, Koichi  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/teratorhabditis-synpapillata-sudhaus-1985-rhabditida-rhabditidae-associate-red-palm-weevil-rhynchoph02815nas a2200205   4500008004100000020001400041245011900055210006900174260001600243300001200259490000700271520208600278653003002364100001702394700001502411700001602426700001802442700001602460856013302476       2010                        eng d  a0454-629600aCold hardiness of the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Shanghai0 aCold hardiness of the red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus   cFebruary 20  a226-2320 v533 aThe invasive red palm weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier), native to Southern Asia, is becoming a serious invasive pest of palms in China. In order to understand how well the RPW survives under cold temperature, with materials from fields in Shanghai we determined the supercooling points (SCPs) with supercooling point determinator and the degree of cold hardiness in environmental chamber at low temperatures, simulated field overwintering test in Shanghai, and analyzed the north limit for overwintering of RPW. The results indicated that SCPs of the RPW were significantly decreased as the developmental stages increased. Adults had the lowest SCPs, followed by 9th, 5th and 1st instar larvae and eggs in an increasing order. The viability of various developmental stages in the RPW was measured in 6, 24, 48 and 72 h, and the relationship between the survival rate and low temperature could be fitted with logistic model significantly or extremely significantly. Ltemp50(the temperature that results in 50% mortality of the experimental population) was increased as time prolonged at all stages of the RPW. At 72 h after treatment, Ltemp50 values of eggs, 1st instar larvae, 5th instar larvae, 9th instar larvae and adults were 1. 61, -1.67, -2.39, -2.40 and -0.40[degree]C, respectively. This result showed that the larvae had the highest cold hardiness, followed by adults and eggs in order. The above data indicated that the correlation between the cold hardiness and SCPs was not uniformly positive. Thus, we speculated that either adult or larva could be possible stage of overwintering for the RPW. The field ovenvintering test also showed that survival rates of both larvae and adults were above 60% in continuous two years ( 2007 and 2008), suggesting that the RPW could overwinter in the field in Shanghai. Based on the results obtained and distribution of the hosts of the RPW, we tentatively inferred that the northern limit for overwintering of the RPW is proximate to 35[degree]N or where the average low temperature in January is around 0[degree]C.10aRhynchophorus ferrugineus1 aJu, Rui-Ting1 aWang, Feng1 aXiao, Yu-Yu1 aLi, Yue-Zhong1 aDu, Yu-zhou  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/cold-hardiness-red-palm-weevil-rhynchophorus-ferrugineus-olivier-coleoptera-curculionidae-shanghai01642nas a2200169   4500008004100000020001400041245011300055210006900168260000900237300001200246490000700258520101000265653003001275100001701305700001601322856013401338       2011                        eng d  a0255-982X00aEstablishment and Potential Risks of a New Invasive Pest, Red Palm Weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus in China0 aEstablishment and Potential Risks of a New Invasive Pest Red Pal  cJune  a122-1300 v293 aThe red palm weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, is a new important invasive pest to palm species in China. Potential distribution and risks posed by this pest in China were assessed using a developed pest risk analysis scheme in China. This paper dealt with the information concerning distribution, potential damage, economic value of hosts, possibility of transportation and spread and difficulties of risk management. Susceptible hosts grow across many areas of China. Through the use of the computer program CLIMEX and GIS, southern regions from Mt. Qinling, especially Guangxi, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Fujian, Hainan, Taiwan and Hongkong of China, were identified as the areas where climate and hosts are most suitable for the establishment of the pest. There is a high risk that RPW could enter, establish and cause damage to several important palm species. This risk analysis contributed to the decision to add RPW to the list of quarantined pests whose introduction and spread in China is banned.10aRhynchophorus ferrugineus1 aJu, Rui-Ting1 aAjlan, Aziz  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/establishment-and-potential-risks-new-invasive-pest-red-palm-weevil-rhynchophorus-ferrugineus-china02489nas a2200193   4500008004100000020001400041245012500055210006900180260001000249300001000259490000700269520179300276653003002069100001702099700001502116700001802131700001102149856013502160       2011                        eng d  a1612-475800aEffect of host plants on development and reproduction of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)0 aEffect of host plants on development and reproduction of Rhyncho  cMarch  a33-390 v843 aThe development, survivorship and reproduction of red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, reared on five ornamental palm slices, were studied in the laboratory at constant temperature of 26[degree]C. The developmental time of R. ferrugineus was 68.8 days on Washington palm (Washingtonia filifera), 74.1 days on Canary Island date palm (Phoenix canariensis), 82.1 days on Chusan palm (Trachycarpus fortunei), 85.4 days on pindo palm (Butia capitata) and 90.6 days on silver date palm (Phoenix sylvestris), respectively, and the developmental time on silver date palm was significantly longer than that on the other plants. The survival of immature R. ferrugineus ranged from 25.0 to 38.3%. Most mature larvae began to pupate at eighth-instar on Canary Island date palm and Washington palm, while on Chusan palm, Pindo palm and silver date palm, most of them began to pupate at ninth-instar. The mean lifetime fecundity of R. ferrugineus on Canary Island date palm, Chusan palm, Pindo palm, Washington palm and silver date palm was 267.8, 134.0, 109.8, 216.0, and 131.4 eggs, respectively, and lifetime fecundity on Canary Island date palm and Washington palm was significantly greater than that on the other plants. The intrinsic rate of natural increase (r m ), net reproductive rate (R 0) and mean generation time (T) were 0.038, 78.3 and 115.0 days on Canary Island date palm, 0.028, 33.1 and 125.5 days on Chusan palm, 0.029, 40.9 and 128.2 days on Pindo palm, 0.041, 64.0, 101.4 days on Washington palm, and 0.025, 30.6, 135.6 days on silver date palm, respectively. Based on population growth parameters, it is concluded that Canary Island date palm and Washington palm were the more suitable host plants and silver date palm was the least suitable host plant for R. ferrugineus.10aRhynchophorus ferrugineus1 aJu, Rui-Ting1 aWang, Feng1 aWan, Fang-Hao1 aLi, Bo  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/effect-host-plants-development-and-reproduction-rhynchophorus-ferrugineus-olivier-coleoptera-curculi01993nas a2200205   4500008004100000020001400041245011900055210006900174260000800243300001200251490000700263520124800270653003001518100002401548700001801572700001901590700002001609700002701629856013101656       2010                        eng d  a0261-219400aDevelopment of a bioacoustic sensor for the early detection of Red Palm Weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier)0 aDevelopment of a bioacoustic sensor for the early detection of R  cJul  a671-6760 v293 aThe Red Palm Weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier) is one of the worst pests for palms, since it can completely destroy the plant. Its early detection is very difficult and when the action of the pest is discovered, normally it is too late for recovering the plant. Bioacoustic sensors provide a good alternative for early detection of this pest because larvae activity is audible while they excavate tunnels to feed. This work describes the different stages for the development of an original electronic device based on acoustic sensors for early detection of Red Palm Weevil larvae in the interior of palms. This device is based on characteristic frequencies possibly related to their feeding activity. The performed tests have demonstrated that is possible to detect two week old larvae activity studying the sound intensity around 2250 Hz in palms infested only with 5 individuals under controlled environmental conditions. The activity of other insects artificially situated in the interior of palms did not affect the response of the device, possibly because they produce different frequencies (in the range 5-7 kHz). Future work will be aimed at assessing the infestation levels. [copyright] 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.10aRhynchophorus ferrugineus1 aGutierrez, Abelardo1 aRuiz, Vicente1 aMolto, Enrique1 aTapia, Gervasio1 aTellez, Maria, del Mar  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/development-bioacoustic-sensor-early-detection-red-palm-weevil-rhynchophorus-ferrugineus-olivier02236nas a2200193   4500008004100000020001400041245015600055210006900211260001200280300001000292490000700302520149000309653003001799100002301829700001901852700001501871700002101886856013501907       2011                        eng d  a1526-498X00aResponses of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus adults to selected synthetic palm esters: electroantennographic studies and trap catches in an urban environment0 aResponses of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus adults to selected synthe  cJanuary  a77-810 v673 aBACKGROUND: The red palm weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier, accidentally introduced into the European countries facing the Mediterranean basin, is becoming the most serious pest for ornamental palms in the urban environment. In the present work, tests were conducted on the electroantennogram (EAG) and behavioural responses of RPW adults to five selected synthetic palm esters, ethyl propionate, ethyl butyrate, ethyl isobutyrate, ethyl lactate and ethyl acetate, to assess the application of a mass trapping technique in an urban environment. RESULTS: In the laboratory, EAG bioassays on RPW adults with the synthetic palm esters showed: (1) positive dose-dependent responses; (2) differences among the treatments; (3) a greater response to ethyl propionate; (4) a higher sensitivity of female antennae compared with male antennae. In the urban environment, RPW behavioural responses, evaluated over six biweekly observations on pheromone-and molasses-baited traps, showed that more adults were caught by traps supplemented with ethyl propionate and ethyl acetate than by traps supplemented with only ethyl propionate. Similar catches were recorded in the traps supplemented with ethyl propionate or ethyl acetate. CONCLUSION: This study supports the application of the mass trapping implemented with synthetic palm esters as a potential tool for the management of RPW populations to protect ornamental palms in urban environments. (C) 2010 Society of Chemical Industry10aRhynchophorus ferrugineus1 aGuarino, Salvatore1 aBue, Paolo, Lo1 aPeri, Ezio1 aColazza, Stefano  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/responses-rhynchophorus-ferrugineus-adults-selected-synthetic-palm-esters-electroantennographic-stud01109nas a2200193   4500008004500000020001400045245017600059210006900235260001800304300001200322490000700334520034000341653003000681100001700711700001700728700001400745700002100759856013500780       2008                        Spandsh    a0213-691000aFirst results on the use of Steinernema carpocapsae (Rhabditida: Sternematidae) associated to quitosane for the control of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, Olivier in date palms0 aFirst results on the use of Steinernema carpocapsae Rhabditida S  c1er Trimestre  a147-1490 v343 aIn order to develop a technique of biological control of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier, several experimentations were carried out to determine the effectiveness of preventive and curative treatments as well as the persistence under field conditions of the enthomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae, applied with quitosane.10aRhynchophorus ferrugineus1 aVives, Gomez1 aIrles, Munoz1 aFerry, M.1 aMartinez, M., M.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/first-results-use-steinernema-carpocapsae-rhabditida-sternematidae-associated-quitosane-control-rhyn02538nas a2200301   4500008004100000020001400041245008500055210006900140300001200209490000700221520159600228653002001824653002601844653002601870653001801896100002401914700002501938700001401963700001401977700001401991700002202005700002302027700001702050700002002067700001902087700002102106856010902127       1996                        eng d  a0015-404000aChemical and behavioral ecology of palm weevils (Curculionidae: Rhynchophorinae)0 aChemical and behavioral ecology of palm weevils Curculionidae Rh  a153-1670 v793 aPalm weevils in the subfamily Rhynchophorinae (Curculionidae) (Rhynchophorus spp., Dynamis borassi, Metamasius hemipterus, Rhabdoscelus obscurus, and Paramasius distortus) use male-produced aggregation pheromones for intraspecific chemical communication. Pheromones comprise 8, 9, or 10 carbon, methyl-branched, secondary alcohols. (4S,5S)-4-Methyl-5-nonanol (ferrugineol) is the major aggregation pheromone for R. ferrugineus, R. vulneratus, R, bilineatus, M. hemipterus, and D. borassi and a minor component for R. palmarum. (5S,4S)-5-Methyl-4-octanol (cruentol), (3S,4S)-3-methyl-4-octanol (phoenicol), and (4S,2E)-6-methyl-2-hepten-4-ol (rhynchophorol) are the main aggregation pheromones for R. cruentatus, R. phoenicis, and R. palmarum, respectively. Plant kairomones strongly enhance pheromone attractiveness but none of the identified volatiles, such as ethyl acetate, ethyl propionate, or ethyl butyrate are as synergistic as fermenting plant (palm or sugarcane) tissue. Studying orientation behavior of foraging weevils to semiochemical devices helped to design and test traps for weevil capture. Generally, 3 mg per day of synthetic pheromone (with non-natural stereoisomers being benign) plus insecticide-treated plant tissue constitute highly attractive trap baits. Potential exists for pheromone-based mass-trapping of weevils to reduce their populations and the spread of the weevil-vectored red ring disease, for monitoring their population dynamics to facilitate pest management decisions, and for detection and possible interception of non-native weevils at ports of entry.10aDynamis borassi10aMetamasius hemipterus10aRhabdoscelus obscurus10aRhynchophorus1 aGiblinDavis, R., M.1 aOehlschlager, A., C.1 aPerez, A.1 aGries, G.1 aGries, R.1 aWeissling, T., J.1 aChinchilla, C., M.1 aPena, J., E.1 aHallett, R., H.1 aPierce, H., D.1 aGonzalez, L., M.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/chemical-and-behavioral-ecology-palm-weevils-curculionidae-rhynchophorinae01791nas a2200169   4500008004100000020001400041245007400055210006900129260000900198300001000207490000700217520122800224653003001452100002301482700002301505856009301528       2010                        eng d  a0370-432700aArtificial diets for the rearing of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier0 aArtificial diets for the rearing of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Ol  c2010  a83-880 v933 aLaboratory rearing of the red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier (RPW) on natural or semi-artificial diets is a problem outside of the RPW's native countries because it may be difficult to find some dietary components and/or their preparation is too expensive or laborious. Therefore, we carried out studies on alternative ingredients to prepare more practical and economical feeding substrata for weevil rearing. The life cycle parameters of RPW were tested in the laboratory using the artificial diets of other authors but with the replacement of some components, i.e. a mixture of unidentified cereals with buckwheat alone (Diet 1) or molasses with polyfloral honey (Diet 2). Further tests were carried out on alternative diets, respectively composed of honey, dried coconut cake and oat (Diet3) or commercial apple mousse (Diet 4). Growth time, weight and mortality of R. ferrugineus larvae, and female fecundity were significantly different among Diet 1, Diet 2 and Diet 4, while the pupal period and mortality, adult female longevity and egg fertility did not differ. Diet 3 appeared unsuitable for R. ferrugineus larval survival. Diet 1 was most suitable for pre-imaginal development and female fecundity.10aRhynchophorus ferrugineus1 aFrancardi, Valeria1 aBenvenuti, Claudia  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/artificial-diets-rearing-rhynchophorus-ferrugineus-olivier02412nas a2200205   4500008004100000020001400041245011800055210006900173260001300242300001200255490000700267520167200274653003001946100002201976700001901998700001702017700002102034700001602055856013502071       2011                        eng d  a0015-404000aPheromone-Food-Bait Trap and Acoustic Surveys of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Curacao0 aPheromoneFoodBait Trap and Acoustic Surveys of Rhynchophorus fer  cDecember  a766-7730 v943 aPheromone-food-bait trap and acoustic surveys were conducted in Curacao to monitor a recently discovered invasion of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus L. (RPW). This pest of economic importance in regions of Asia, the Middle East, and the Mediterranean was not observed in the Americas until 2009. Due to its economic and environmental damage, there is an urgent need to manage or eradicate RPW in Curacao to reduce its impact on the island as well as avoid the possibility of transference to surrounding regions. Studies were conducted to explore methods available for monitoring adults with traps and acoustically assessing larval infestations in trees in the warm, dry but humid Curacao environment - considering also some special challenges of urban conditions, such as increased traffic noise or unwanted human curiosity that could negatively affect monitoring success. Bucket traps baited with 4- methyl-5-nonanol/ 4-methyl-5-nonanone pheromone lure, ethyl acetate and a molasses - ethylene glycol mixture captured RPW adults at consistent rates for ca. 7/d, but the rates of capture were reduced for the 9th to 14th d of a two-week sampling period. The weevils were observed to escape rapidly from dry traps but not from liquid-containing traps. A portable, user-friendly acoustic sensor system enabled identification of larvae in individual infested trees through the use of signal processing analyses that screened out bird and wind noise. This information gained about liquid baits and acoustic differences between background noise and RPW-produced sounds can assist future efforts to monitor, control, or eradicate RPW in Curacao as well as other urban landscapes.10aRhynchophorus ferrugineus1 aFiaboe, K., K. M.1 aMankin, R., W.1 aRoda, A., L.1 aKairo, M., T. K.1 aJohanns, C.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/pheromone-food-bait-trap-and-acoustic-surveys-rhynchophorus-ferrugineus-coleoptera-curculionidae-cur01957nas a2200205   4500008004100000020001400041245013400055210006900189260000800258300001200266490000700278520119500285653003001480100002001510700002701530700001701557700002201574700002001596856013501616       2010                        eng d  a1742-758400aSequential sampling plan for area-wide management of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) in date palm plantations of Saudi Arabia0 aSequential sampling plan for areawide management of Rhynchophoru  cSep  a145-1530 v303 aA decision-making sampling plan was developed to initiate new and validate ongoing area-wide red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) integrated pest management (IPM) programmes in date palm plantations of Saudi Arabia based on the concept of sequential sampling. Spatial distribution studies revealed that R. ferrugineus population was aggregated and followed the negative binomial series with a mean aggregation index (common K) value of 3.56. In the sampling plan developed, young date palms are inspected in a sequence in units of 100 palms (1 ha) until an accurate decision on the infestation level can be made. The plan rates infestations as low and high if d0 <= 0.478n - 7.519 and d1 >= 0.478n + 7.519, respectively, where d0 and d1 are the cumulative maximum and minimum infested palms per ha (100 young palms) for not recommending and recommending area-wide management of R. ferrugineus, respectively, and n is the area sampled in ha. In this sampling plan, if 100 palms are inspected and eight or more infestations are detected, then area-wide R. ferrugineus IPM is required. On a 100 ha scale (10,000 palms) the plan becomes stricter and permits only 55 infestations.10aRhynchophorus ferrugineus1 aFaleiro, J., R.1 aBen Abdallah, Abdallah1 aKumar, Ashok1 aShagagh, Abdallah1 aAbdan, Saad, Al  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/sequential-sampling-plan-area-wide-management-rhynchophorus-ferrugineus-olivier-date-palm-plantation02131nas a2200217   4500008004100000020002500041245017100066210006900237260000900306300001200315490000700327520127000334653003001604100003201634700002001666700002201686700002401708700001901732700002701751856013501778       2011                        eng d  a1560-8530; 1814-959600aMitochondrial Genetic Variation and Invasion History of Red Palm Weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), in Middle-East and Mediterranean Basin0 aMitochondrial Genetic Variation and Invasion History of Red Palm  c2011  a631-6370 v133 aThe Red Palm Weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier), (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Rhynchophorinae), is an invasive pest of palm trees. RPW has invaded Middle East and several countries of the Mediterranean Basin during the last three decades. The mitochondrial genetic variation of RPW was investigated in the Middle-East and the Mediterranean basin areas using partial sequences of the Cytochrome c oxidase sub-unit 1 (CO1) gene. A 546-base pair portion of COI gene was sequenced for 310 individuals of RPW sampled from 14 different invaded countries resulting in eight different haplotypes. Eight haplotypes were subdivided into two phylogenetic groups according to their geographic positions. The obtained genetic diversity suggested that RPW population subdivided genetically into different sub-populations under the influence of genetic drift favored by founder events. RPW followed three different routes of invasion during the last 30 years. Likely, Middle-east populations and the Mediterranean ones are originating from different geographic populations of RPW. The data reported in this paper present an interesting and useful step toward the understanding of the genetic variation and invasion history of RPW. (C) 2011 Friends Science Publishers10aRhynchophorus ferrugineus1 aEl-Mergawy, Rabab, A. A. M.1 aFaure, Nathalie1 aNasr, Mahmoud, I.1 aAvand-Faghih, Arman1 aRochat, Didier1 aSilvain, Jean-Francois  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/mitochondrial-genetic-variation-and-invasion-history-red-palm-weevil-rhynchophorus-ferrugineus-coleo01702nas a2200205   4500008004100000020001400041245013500055210006900190260000900259300001200268490000700280520096600287653003001253100001701283700001401300700001701314700001601331700001501347856013401362       2011                        eng d  a1110-176800aA Trap for Auto-dissemination of the Entomopathogenic Fungus Beauveria bassiana by Red Palm Weevil Adults in Date Palm Plantations0 aTrap for Autodissemination of the Entomopathogenic Fungus Beauve  c2011  a271-2760 v213 aA trap was designed to allow red palm weevil adults to pass through it so that they come out contaminated with a high density of the fungus conidia for spreading them amongst the red palm weevil population in date palm plantations. A fungus inoculum containing 10% conidia was prepared and used in the trap. An adult was contaminated with 9.53x107 conidia per a tape visit with a lethal time of 8.25 days. Field trials were carried out using 20 traps in 3 date palm plantations in the period from April 2006 to May 2007 in the Northern Region of United Arab Emirates. Efficacy of the trap was evaluated by assessing the monthly mortality caused with the fungus in the adult population. In the last two months, mortality of adults caused by the fungus in the field population ranged 41.2-51.3% compared with 4.8-4.9% in the control. Results showed that the trap is effective for spreading the fungus Beauveria bassiana among Rhynchophorus ferrugineus population.10aRhynchophorus ferrugineus1 aEl-Sufty, R.1 aBgham, Al1 aAl-Awash, S.1 aShahdad, A.1 aBathra, Al  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/trap-auto-dissemination-entomopathogenic-fungus-beauveria-bassiana-red-palm-weevil-adults-date-palm01824nas a2200205   4500008004100000020002500041245013800066210006900204260000900273300001200282490000700294520101700301653003001318100003201348700002801380700002501408700002301433700002701456856013501483       2011                        eng d  a1560-8530; 1814-959600aDetermination of Different Geographical Populations of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) using RAPD-PCR0 aDetermination of Different Geographical Populations of Rhynchoph  c2011  a227-2320 v133 aThis study investigated the genetic variation among thirteen geographic populations of the red palm weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier), using the Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RAPD- PCR) technique. RAPD profiles exhibited bands between 200 to 1400 bp in length. Average genetic distances among populations ranged from 0.3 to 0.8. Genetic distances among the analyzed individuals ranged from 0.241 (between individuals from populations of Egypt&Turkey) to 1 (between individuals from populations of Japan&both Egypt, Spain&France). The Unweigthed Pair Group Method with Arithmetic (UPGMA) mean categorized the tested populations into twelve clusters. Based on results, it is suggested that there are two major routes of RPW invasion, the first is at the origin of all the populations found in Egypt and Mediterranean countries and second is at the origin of the populations found in the Arabic Peninsula, Iran and Pakistan. [copyright] 2011 Friends Science Publishers.10aRhynchophorus ferrugineus1 aEl-Mergawy, Rabab, A. A. M.1 aAjlan, Abdulaziz, M. Al1 aAbdallah, Naglaa, A.1 aNasr, Mahmould, I.1 aSilvain, Jean-Francois  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/determination-different-geographical-populations-rhynchophorus-ferrugineus-olivier-coleoptera-curcul02055nas a2200181   4500008004100000020001400041245011000055210006900165260000800234300000900242490000700251520139100258653003001649100002901679700002501708700002201733856011801755       2010                        eng d  a1226-861500aStudies on the morphology and histology of the ovary of red palm weevil female irradiated with gamma rays0 aStudies on the morphology and histology of the ovary of red palm  cMar  a9-160 v133 aThe present study involves red palm weevil adults Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Oliver) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) irradiated with 5, 10 or 15 Gy of gamma radiation. The biological effects of gamma irradiation on the F, adult females, descendant of irradiated parental male pupae, were studied. The percentage egg hatch decreased significantly, as the dose increased, compared with the untreated control. The effect of gamma irradiation on the morphology of the ovaries showed a remarkable effect on size, shape and measurement of the paired ovaries. Additionally, histological studies showed some damages by irradiation of the oocytes maturation, which increased with increasing close. These symptoms were elongation of the terminal filament, rupture, separation, or shrinkage of external sheath and follicular epithelium, degenerated or absent of nurse cells, and ruptured oocytes at 15 Gy. Vacuolation appeared in different degrees inside the oocytes and the nurse cells were absent in some areas. The damage in the oocytes was more severe as the dose was increased. The follicular epithelium was thin, oocytes clumped together throughout the ovariole causing some oocytes become abnormal or rectangular in shape. [copyright] Korean Society of Applied Entomology, Taiwan Entomological Society and Malaysian Plant Protection Society, 2009 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.10aRhynchophorus ferrugineus1 aNaggar, Samira, E. M. El1 aMohamed, Hussein, F.1 aMahmoud, Eman, A.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/studies-morphology-and-histology-ovary-red-palm-weevil-female-irradiated-gamma-rays01825nas a2200193   4500008004100000020001400041245017200055210006900227260001300296300001100309490000800320520106700328653003001395100001701425700001801442700001901460700001801479856013401497       2012                        eng d  a0007-485300aLower temperature thresholds for oviposition and egg hatching of the Red Palm Weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), in a Mediterranean climate0 aLower temperature thresholds for oviposition and egg hatching of  cFebruary  a97-1020 v1023 aThe red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is an economically important pest of palms worldwide. To better understand the phenology of R. ferrugineus populations in the Mediterranean basin, the objective of the present work has been to estimate the effect of temperatures within the range 10[long dash]25[degree]C on the reproductive parameters of R. ferrugineus and to determine its lower temperature thresholds for oviposition and egg hatching. Our results confirm that oviposition in R. ferrugineus is strongly affected by temperature. Lower thresholds for oviposition and egg hatching (15.45[degree] and 13.95[degree]C, respectively) are below the mean monthly temperatures registered in winter in most of the northern shore of the Mediterranean basin. Under these circumstances, new palm infestations would be difficult during most of the winter. These results should be taken into account when planning some palm management practices, such as pruning or pesticide treatments, in areas under a Mediterranean climate.10aRhynchophorus ferrugineus1 aDembilio, O.1 aTapia, G., V.1 aTellez, M., M.1 aJacas, J., A.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/lower-temperature-thresholds-oviposition-and-egg-hatching-red-palm-weevil-rhynchophorus-ferrugineus03187nas a2200157   4500008004100000245015500041210006900196260001200265300000900277490000600286520253700292653003002829100001702859700001802876856013502894       2012                        eng d00aBio-ecology and integrated management of the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), in the region of Valencia (Spain)0 aBioecology and integrated management of the red palm weevil Rhyn  cJanuary  a1-120 v53 aThe invasive red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier (Coleoptera: Curculioni- dae), is one of the most destructive pests of palms in the world. It is widely distributed in all continents and has been reported on 26 palm species belonging to 16 different genera. In the Mediterranean basin, R. ferrugineus has become the major pest of palms, mainly Phoenix canariensis hort. ex Chabaud, an endemic palm to the Canary Islands widely used as ornamental. In this manuscript we summarize the research that the UJI-IVIA Unit has carried out on this pest. The first objective of our work was to determine different bio-ecological parameters of R. ferrugineus under natural conditions in a Mediterranean climate. Washingtonia filifera is the only palm species included in our studies showing mechanisms of complete resistance against R. ferrugineus. Although Chamaerops humilis and Phoenix theophrasti show antixenotic and antibiotic mechanisms of resistance, respectively, they cannot be considered as resistant against R. ferrugineus. Under Mediterranean climate, the preimaginal development of R. ferrugineus in P. canariensis takes 666.5 DD and the weevil can complete 13 larval instars. Based on the results obtained, less than one generation per year can be expected in areas with a mean annual temperature (MAT) below 15[degree]C and more than two in those with MAT above 19[degree]C. Oviposition in R. ferrugineus is also strongly affected by temperature. The thresholds for oviposition and egg hatching obtained are very close to MAT registered in most of the northern shore of the Mediterranean basin. Under these circum- stances, no new infestations would be expected during most of the winter. The second objective has been to improve chemical and biological control. Both imidacloprid and Steinernema carpocapsae in a chitosan formulation are highly effective against R. ferrugineus in the field. Different timings and product combinations were studied, and high efficacies were obtained in all cases. An indigenous strain of Beauveria bassiana, found naturally infecting pupae of R. ferrugineus, resulted highly virulent against all developmental stages of the weevil in the laboratory. Additionally, adults of either sex inoculated with the fungus efficiently transmitted the disease to healthy adults of the opposite sex and this result confirmed the potential of B. bassiana as a biological control agent against this pest. These results should help developing an integrated management program against this pest.10aRhynchophorus ferrugineus1 aDembilio, O.1 aJacas, J., A.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/bio-ecology-and-integrated-management-red-palm-weevil-rhynchophorus-ferrugineus-coleoptera-curculion01389nas a2200181   4500008004100000020001400041245015100055210006900206260001100275300001200286490000800298520068700306653003000993100001701023700001801040700001501058856013401073       2009                        eng d  a0931-204800aAre the palms Washingtonia filifera and Chamaerops humilis suitable hosts for the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Col. Curculionidae)?0 aAre the palms Washingtonia filifera and Chamaerops humilis suita  cAugust  a565-5670 v1333 aThe red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae), is a widely distributed pest which has recently become the major pest of palms in the Mediterranean Basin. This weevil has been recorded on 19 different palm species, however, the host status of Washingtonia filifera and Chamaerops humilis remains unclear. The present study was carried out to check whether these species had either antixenotic or antibiotic mechanisms of resistance against this pest. Our results show that both W. filifera and C. humilis are resistant to R. ferrugineus. Resistance in W. filifera is based on antibiosis whereas in C. humilis resistance is based on antixenosis.10aRhynchophorus ferrugineus1 aDembilio, O.1 aJacas, J., A.1 aLlacer, E.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/are-palms-washingtonia-filifera-and-chamaerops-humilis-suitable-hosts-red-palm-weevil-rhynchophorus02042nas a2200205   4500008004100000020001400041245021500055210006900270260000800339300001200347490000600359520121300365653003001578100001701608700001901625700002301644700001601667700001801683856013501701       2011                        eng d  a1695-971X00aShort communication. Susceptibility of Phoenix theophrasti (Palmae: Coryphoideae) to Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and its control using Steinernema carpocapsae in a chitosan formulation0 aShort communication Susceptibility of Phoenix theophrasti Palmae  cJun  a623-6260 v93 aThe invasive red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Oliv. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is the most destructive pest of palms in the world. It has been reported on 19 palm species belonging to 15 different genera. The host status of the Cretan Date Palm, Phoenix theophrasti, remains unclear. Therefore, the present study was carried out to ascertain the host status of this protected palm species. Additionally, the efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes in a chitosan formulation to control this pest in P theophrasti was assessed. Our results showed that healthy 4-yr-old P theophrasti palms were not infested by adult females after 9 days exposure in a population density of 3 adults per plant. However, infestation was successful when neonate larvae were artificially introduced in palms. Therefore, natural populations of P theophrasti could be at risk. Gummy secretion was observed in both naturally and forced infested palms indicating the existence of antibiosis in this species. Curative applications with the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae in a chitosan formulation in early infested P theophrasti palms managed to reduce insect's activity and could help the palms to recover.10aRhynchophorus ferrugineus1 aDembilio, O.1 aKaramaouna, F.1 aKontodimas, D., C.1 aNomikou, M.1 aJacas, J., A.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/short-communication-susceptibility-phoenix-theophrasti-palmae-coryphoideae-rhynchophorus-ferrugineus02314nas a2200169   4500008004100000020001400041245017500055210006900230260000800299300001200307490000800319520161700327653003001944100001701974700001801991856013502009       2011                        eng d  a0007-485300aBasic bio-ecological parameters of the invasive Red Palm Weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), in Phoenix canariensis under Mediterranean climate0 aBasic bioecological parameters of the invasive Red Palm Weevil R  cApr  a153-1630 v1013 aThe invasive red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier (Coleoptera, Curculionidae), is one of the most destructive pests of palms in the world. Since its detection in the Mediterranean Basin, the ornamental Phoenix canariensis Hort. ex Chabaud has become its main host. This study was aimed at determining the life cycle of R. ferrugineus in live P. canariensis palms. Egg lethal temperature threshold and thermal constant were determined in the laboratory and resulted in 13.1[degree]C and 40.4 degree days (DD), respectively. A semi field assay was carried out in a mesh enclosure where living P. canariensis palms were artificially infested with neonate larvae at one-month intervals from June 2008 to May 2009 under natural conditions. Infested palms were dissected at different time intervals. Maximum mortality rates for R. ferrugineus were observed for palms infested either in December or January (100%), whereas those infested from April through September showed maximum survival rates. Mean monthly temperatures below 10.3[degree]C were lethal for neonate larvae, as 4.5[degree]C were for older immature stages. All recovered larvae could be classed according to one of 13 instars. A thermal constant of 666.5 DD was estimated for complete larval development. Pupal develoment required an additional 282.5 DD. Based on these results and on the temperatures from 46 climatic stations selected in the Iberian Peninsula, less than one generation per year can be expected in areas with mean annual temperature below 15[degree]C and more than two where mean annual temperature is above 19[degree]C.10aRhynchophorus ferrugineus1 aDembilio, O.1 aJacas, J., A.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/basic-bio-ecological-parameters-invasive-red-palm-weevil-rhynchophorus-ferrugineus-coleoptera-curcul01845nas a2200157   4500008004500000245009900045210006900144260000900213300001000222490000600232520126800238653002901506653001801535100001801553856011601571       2008                        Engldsh  00aPotential ecological implications of human entomophagy by subsistence groups of the Neotropics0 aPotential ecological implications of human entomophagy by subsis  c2008  a81-930 v13 aThe practice of human entomophagy is important to the livelihood of many subsistence cultures. Insect foods are a source of protein in traditional diets and are often considered delicacies. While considerable research has been conducted on the nutritional benefits of insects to human welfare, there has been little focus on understanding how harvests of insect foods can potentially impact local ecology. In this paper, I address the potential ecological consequences of insect harvesting activities with a focus on Neotropical subsistence communities. I confine my discussion to four insect foods - palm weevils, bruchid beetles, ants, and termites. Insect harvesting has the potential to not only influence insect populations but also to alter ecological interactions between plant and insects. I propose that rigorous studies on insect harvest intensity, in space and time, are necessary steps in understanding the full effects of harvesting activities on insect populations and broader forest communities. Research on the ecological implications of insect harvests are important in the face of potential increases in the demand for insect food as a result of rapid population growth within indigenous communities and increased hunting pressures on wild game.10aRhinostomus barbirostris10aRhynchophorus1 aChoo, Juanita  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/potential-ecological-implications-human-entomophagy-subsistence-groups-neotropics01249nas a2200169   4500008004500000020001400045245019000059210006900249260001000318300001200328490000700340520053300347653003000880100001600910700001800926856013500944       2008                        Engldsh    a0250-805200aPests of the palm (Palmae sp.) and date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) determined in Turkey and evaluation of red palm weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)0 aPests of the palm Palmae sp and date palm Phoenix dactylifera de  cApril  a127-1300 v383 aThis paper covers the palm (Palmae sp.) and date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) pests which were determined by studies conducted in Turkey between 1941 and 2006. In total 15 species have been found to date: 1 belonging to Coccidae, 9 to Diaspididae, 1 to Margarodidae and 2 to Pseudococcidae families of the order Homoptera and 1 species to Scarabaeidae and 1 to Curculionidae families of the order Coleoptera. Among these pests, red palm weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier) has caused a great deal of damage in recent years.10aRhynchophorus ferrugineus1 aBozbuga, R.1 aHazir, Adalet  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/pests-palm-palmae-sp-and-date-palm-phoenix-dactylifera-determined-turkey-and-evaluation-red-palm-wee01373nas a2200169   4500008004500000020001400045245014300059210006900202260001200271300001200283490000700295520068200302653003000984100002301014700003101037856013501068       2008                        Engldsh    a1134-609400aRhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier, 1790) (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea: Dryophthoridae), an exotic weevil recently introduced into Portugal0 aRhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier 1790 Coleoptera Curculionoidea  c31 mayo  a425-4260 v423 aThe tropical weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus was first recorded in southern Portugal from a region with a Mediterranean-type climate, in August 2007. Five months later, some infested Phoenix canariensis and Phoenix dactylifera palms were found 500 km north of the first infested area. The absence of infested palm trees between these two regions is an indication of the important role played by the transportation of adult palm trees in the insect's dispersal. The climatic differences between these two infested spots show that the insect is able to colonize temperate areas as well. The presence of other arthropods and mice associated with R. ferrugineus is also mentioned.10aRhynchophorus ferrugineus1 aBoavida, Conceicao1 ada Franca, Maria, Fernanda  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/rhynchophorus-ferrugineus-olivier-1790-coleoptera-curculionoidea-dryophthoridae-exotic-weevil-recent00490nas a2200145   4500008004500000020001400045245006300059210006200122260001000184300001000194490000700204653003000211100001400241856008900255       2008                        Engldsh    a0250-805200aData sheets on quarantine pests: Rhynchophorus ferrugineus0 aData sheets on quarantine pests Rhynchophorus ferrugineus  cApril  a55-590 v3810aRhynchophorus ferrugineus1 aAnonymous  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/data-sheets-quarantine-pests-rhynchophorus-ferrugineus01579nas a2200181   4500008004100000020002500041245008500066210006900151260000900220300001000229490000600239520095900245653003001204100002101234700002001255700002001275856010201295       2010                        eng d  a1812-5670; 1812-568900aEffect of color on the trapping effectiveness of red palm weevil pheromone traps0 aEffect of color on the trapping effectiveness of red palm weevil  c2010  a54-590 v73 aThe Red Palm Weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier (Curculionidae: Coleoptera), is the most serious and difficult to control insect pest on date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) in the United Arab Emirates. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of trap color on trap effectiveness in catching R. ferrugineus. Traps baited with the male aggregation pheromone of the red palm weevil were installed in four date palm farms in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, in 2007. Seven trap colors were tested for attraction to the red palm weevil (red, green, blue, orange, pink, yellow and white). The highest weevil catch was achieved in the red trap (p<0.05). Present results indicate that trap color has a significant effect on trap effectiveness, which suggests that dark-colored traps in general and the red in particular, catch more weevils. Therefore, the use of red traps will be more effective in the control programs of this economic pest.10aRhynchophorus ferrugineus1 aAl-Saoud, A., H.1 aAl-Deeb, M., A.1 aMurchie, A., K.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/effect-color-trapping-effectiveness-red-palm-weevil-pheromone-traps01392nas a2200157   4500008004500000020001400045245013000059210006900189260001400258300001200272490000700284520076100291653003001052100001701082856013501099       2008                        Engldsh    a0015-404000aEvaluation of date palm cultivars for rearing the red date palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)0 aEvaluation of date palm cultivars for rearing the red date palm   cSeptember  a353-3580 v913 aDevelopment of red date palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) was evaluated on 4 popular cultivars of date palm, viz., 'Khalas', 'Sukkary', 'Khasab', and 'Sillaj' for 2 consecutive generations. The weevils reared on 'Sukkary' showed significantly better growth expressed in most parameters such as length, width and weight at larval, pupal and adult stages. Significantly greater numbers of eggs were laid on cv. 'Sukkary' as compared to the other 3 cultivars. This might be because of higher sugar content of cv. 'Sukkary'. Adult lifespan was significantly longer on cv. 'Khasab'. Though more cocoons were harvested from 'Khalas', frequency of adult emergence was better on 'Sukkary'. Male to female ratio was similar on all date palm cultivars.10aRhynchophorus ferrugineus1 aAl-Ayedh, H.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/evaluation-date-palm-cultivars-rearing-red-date-palm-weevil-rhynchophorus-ferrugineus-coleoptera-cur01767nas a2200157   4500008004100000020001400041245012300055210006900178260000800247300001000255490000700265520115100272653003001423100002101453856013501474       2011                        eng d  a1742-758400aEvaluating a semi-synthetic diet for rearing the red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)0 aEvaluating a semisynthetic diet for rearing the red palm weevil   cJun  a20-280 v313 aExperiments were performed to evaluate the effectiveness of a semi-synthetic diet developed from locally available ingredients in Saudi Arabia for the laboratory rearing of the red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Oliv. The diet was developed based on existing literature, in addition to screening for a number of ingredients from locally available materials. Maize flour, wheat flour, shredded date palm frond tissue and distilled water were chosen as the final ingredients for the diet. Red palm weevils were successfully reared on this semi-synthetic diet and these ingredients were found capable of supporting larval development. However, larval weight decreased on this diet. The larval growth rate on the semi-synthetic diet was comparable to the standard growth rate achieved on date palm. One additional larval instar was observed on the diet. No significant differences were observed in the tested behavioural parameters between females fed the semi-synthetic diet versus those fed the natural diet. In conclusion, red palm weevils can be successfully reared on this semi-synthetic diet, and further optimization of it is warranted.10aRhynchophorus ferrugineus1 aAl-Ayedh, H., Y.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/evaluating-semi-synthetic-diet-rearing-red-palm-weevil-rhynchophorus-ferrugineus-coleoptera-curculio01783nas a2200169   4500008004100000020001400041245013300055210006900188260001300257300001200270490000700282520111900289653003001408100002101438700001901459856013501478       2011                        eng d  a0015-404000aRearing Optimization of Red Palm Weevil: Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on Date Palm: Phoenix dactylifera0 aRearing Optimization of Red Palm Weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineu  cDecember  a756-7600 v943 aRed Palm Weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier (RPW), is the most deleterious pest of date palm Phoenix dactylifera, spreading rapidly in date palm growing countries around the globe. To facilitate behavioral and biological studies on this important pest, a study to optimize rearing procedures was conducted at King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. RPW pairs were introduced into date palm bolts and subsequent RPW populations were harvested at the pupal stage. The populations of RPW resulting from different numbers of introduced RPW pairs and the use of mated vs. virgin RPW pairs were compared for different date palm cultivars and sizes of the bolts. Results indicated that RPW can successfully be reared on date palm bolts. Subsequent population was increased with increases in numbers of introduced RPW pairs. Date palm cultivars significantly influenced the subsequent RPW population. Thickness of the date palm bolt wase positively correlated with the subsequent RPW population. Introducing mated vs. virgin RPW pairs did not show any significant effect on subsequent RPW population.10aRhynchophorus ferrugineus1 aAldawood, A., S.1 aRasool, K., G.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/rearing-optimization-red-palm-weevil-rhynchophorus-ferrugineus-coleoptera-curculionidae-date-palm-ph01840nas a2200169   4500008004500000020001400045245018800059210006900247260000900316300001200325490000600337520111800343653003001461100002001491700002501511856013401536       2008                        Engldsh    a1553-345X00aA putative serine protease from larval midgut of red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): partial purification and biochemical characterization0 aputative serine protease from larval midgut of red palm weevil R  c2008  a595-6010 v43 aA putative serine protease was isolated and partially purified from larval midgut of red palm weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) using anion exchange chromatography, DE-52. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of this protease showed that the major band has a molecular weight of approximately 24 kDa corresponding to the same molecular weight of mammalian trypsin. In addition, zymography analysis of the protease showed a single band corresponding to the same molecular weight has been measured by SDS-PAGE. Highest specific activity measured by radial diffusion of the enzyme into a casein-containing gel was achieved in 0.5 M NaCl eluate. The enzyme was characterized at different pH, substrate concentrations and various time intervals. The optimum conditions for proteolytic activity were achieved at pH 9.5 and 0.1 mg casein as substrate per mL. Furthermore, the highest activity was revealed after 28 hrs at room temperature. Moreover, soybean trypsin inhibitor dramatically inhibits the caseinolytic activity by 70 and 100 % at 10 and 25 [mu]g respectively.10aRhynchophorus ferrugineus1 aJabr, Ahmed, Al1 aAbo-El-Saad, Mahmoud  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/putative-serine-protease-larval-midgut-red-palm-weevil-rhynchophorus-ferrugineus-olivier-coleoptera01789nas a2200217   4500008004100000020001400041245012700055210006900182260000800251300001200259490000700271520101800278653003001296100001601326700001901342700001801361700002101379700001701400700001901417856013501436       2010                        eng d  a1340-354000aIsolation of yeasts from palm tissues damaged by the red palm weevil and their possible effect on the weevil overwintering0 aIsolation of yeasts from palm tissues damaged by the red palm we  cMay  a215-2230 v513 aRhynchophorus ferrugineus is a tropical pest of palms that has recently invaded Japan, where winter temperatures fall below 0[degree]C. Because activities of the weevil at temperatures <13[degree]C are extremely limited, it appears difficult for them to overwinter in Japan. However, the temperature of palm tissues damaged by this weevil has been observed to be higher than air temperature. Here, we looked for the cause of this temperature increase. First, we measured the temperature of damaged palm tissues and showed it to be between 30[degree]C and 40[degree]C, even in winter. Next, we isolated yeasts from the body of weevils and infested palm tissues and obtained 36 yeast strains, mostly Candida tropicalis and C. ethanolica. Then, we analyzed the soluble sugar composition in palm tissues and found that it included glucose, sucrose, and fructose. Because at least C. tropicalis can ferment some of these sugars, the temperature increase may be attributed to fermentation of microbes, including yeasts.10aRhynchophorus ferrugineus1 aAbe, Fukiko1 aOhkusu, Misako1 aKubo, Tatsuya1 aKawamoto, Susumu1 aSone, Koichi1 aHata, Kunihiko  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/isolation-yeasts-palm-tissues-damaged-red-palm-weevil-and-their-possible-effect-weevil-overwintering01437nas a2200157   4500008004100000020002500041245020300066210006900269260000900338300001000347490000600357520072100363653003001084100003001114856013501144       2009                        eng d  a1687-8809; 2090-081300aToxicological and histopathological studies of Boxus Buxus chinensis oil and precocene II on larvae of the red palm weevil Rynchophorus Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Oliver) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)0 aToxicological and histopathological studies of Boxus Buxus chine  c2009  a45-540 v23 aTwo natural biopesticides, (Boxus chinensis oil and precoceneII) were tested against 10 days-old larvae of the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus. The two biopesticidse had toxicological and pathological effects on Rh. ferrugineus larvae. The toxicity effect of B. chinensis was more than precoceneII against Rh. ferrugineus. In order of toxicity the LC50 of B. chinensis was 0.68% while the LC50 of precoceneII was 1.36%. On the other hand the mid-gut tissues of the 10 days old larvae were exhibited different histopathological lesions due to effect of B. chinensis. The alterations included analyze and destroyed of epithelial cells, vaculation of cytoplasm and dissolve of nuclei of the epithelial cells.10aRhynchophorus ferrugineus1 aAbdullah, Mohammed, A. R.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/toxicological-and-histopathological-studies-boxus-buxus-chinensis-oil-and-precocene-ii-larvae-red-pa02108nas a2200181   4500008004100000020001400041245011400055210006900169260001400238300001200252490000700264520144400271653003001715100001601745700001901761700001701780856012901797       2009                        eng d  a0015-404000aLife history of the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Dryophtoridae), in southern Japan0 aLife history of the red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Co  cSeptember  a421-4250 v923 aWe surveyed the life history of the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae), in southern Japan, including seasonal changes in the flight activity of adults and composition of R. ferrugineus in different developmental stages in a total of 17 infested Phoenix canariensis trees which were cut down in 2003-2005. The flight of adults began in Mar, showed some peaks in summer and autumn, and ceased in mid-Dec. Various stages of individuals inhabited infested R canariensis trees throughout the year. The composition of individuals at different stages in late fall was dependent on the resource (white intact tissue) availability in R canariensis trees. In R canariensis trees where considerable resource remained, all stages of larvae, pupae, and adults were found, whereas in palm trees with no resource, few young- and medium-stage larvae were observed. The temperature in the infested part of a palm trunk was 30[degree]C or higher even in winter. From these results, we view the life history of R. ferrugineus in southern Japan as follows: Adults emerge from host trees in spring and continue to attack host trees until late fall. Rhynchophorus ferrugineus grows even in winter if intact tissue remains at the peripheral part of trunks, and there may be 3 or 4 generations per year. A cold winter probably does not have any negative effects on successful colonization of R. ferrugineus in Japan.10aRhynchophorus ferrugineus1 aAbe, Fukiko1 aHata, Kunihiko1 aSone, Koichi  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/life-history-red-palm-weevil-rhynchophorus-ferrugineus-coleoptera-dryophtoridae-southern-japan01814nas a2200205   4500008004100000020001400041245017600055210006900231260001400300300001200314490000700326520100000333653003001333100002001363700002301383700002301406700002201429700002201451856013501473       2010                        eng d  a1028-888000aDetection of insect immunity substances (lectins) in the midgut extracts from larvae and adult red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) in AI-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia0 aDetection of insect immunity substances lectins in the midgut ex  c1st March  a223-2280 v133 aThe hemagglutination activities of midgut (MG) fractions of red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus against mammalian erythrocytes (RBC) from man (ABO), rabbit, horse and sheep were studied. The highest titers were seen with rabbit RBC (p<0.05) followed by human group B, human group 0, horse, human group A, human group AB and sheep, respectively. Insect age and nutritional status significantly influenced the agglutinating activities. Some of the unfed insects were having low activities (p>0.01) than the well fed insects (p<0.05). The agglutination activities were linearly correlated with the insect age. The agglutination activities were higher in old insects than the young insects (p<0.05). Further studies are needed to investigate the lectins in the hemolymph of the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus beside demonstrating their agglutination activities against the natural entomopathogenes organisms of this economically important insect for use in its biological control.10aRhynchophorus ferrugineus1 aAbdally, M., H.1 aAbo-Elsaad, M., M.1 aAl-Shaggag, A., A.1 aAl-Bagshy, M., M.1 aAl-Shawaf, A., A.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/detection-insect-immunity-substances-lectins-midgut-extracts-larvae-and-adult-red-palm-weevil-rhynch02419nas a2200193   4500008004100000020001400041245017400055210006900229260000800298300001200306490000700318520163400325653003001959100003201989700002602021700002602047700001702073856013502090       2011                        eng d  a1427-434500aGEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM USED FOR ASSESSING THE ACTIVITY OF THE RED PALM WEEVIL RHYNCHOPHORUS FERRUGINEUS (OLIVIER) IN THE DATE PALM OASIS OF AL-HASSA, SAUDI ARABIA0 aGEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM USED FOR ASSESSING THE ACTIVITY OF  cJul  a234-2390 v513 aIn Al-Hassa, Saudi Arabia, the red palm weevil (RPW) Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) is managed through the use of a pheromone trap based area-wide Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programme, covering nearly 3.0 million date palms. In this study, Geographic Information System (GIS) based techniques were used to study the spatial spread of RPW in two RPW-IPM areas of Al-Hassa viz. Al-Khadoud (297 ha) and Sodah (168 ha) with high and low weevil activity, respectively. The position of RPW pheromone traps in both Al-Khadoud (140 traps) and Sodah (84 traps) were logged using the Trimble Geographic Positioning System (GPS), to determine the East Longitude and North Latitude of each pheromone trap. The Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinates for each trap were also recorded. The weevil captures in pheromone traps, and the infestation reports for 2008 in the above operational areas were reported, Based on the reports, the territorial spread of the weevils and spatial distribution of infestations due to RPW on date palm, was depicted for both Al-Khadoud and Sodah at five levels. Further, regression analysis was carried out to ascertain the relationship between annual weevil captures (Y) in pheromone traps and infestation (X) reports for 2008, on a 10 ha scale, in Al-Khadoud and Sodah, through linear regression. Based on high R2 values (>0.70), we selected Y = 121.0 + 4.515X as the model that could quantify the above pest-infestation relationship in Al-Hassa. This study can serve as a basis for incorporating GIS technology for improving the on going RPW management strategy, in Al-Hassa, Saudi Arabia.10aRhynchophorus ferrugineus1 aMassoud, Massoud, Abd-Elaty1 aFaleiro, Jose, Romeno1 aEl-Saad, Mahmoud, Abo1 aSultan, Essa  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/geographic-information-system-used-assessing-activity-red-palm-weevil-rhynchophorus-ferrugineus-oliv02498nas a2200193   4500008004100000020001400041245018400055210006900239260000800308300001200316490000700328520172800335653003002063100002002093700001902113700002002132700001702152856013502169       2012                        eng d  a1742-758400aGeographic information system-based study to ascertain the spatial and temporal spread of red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in date plantations0 aGeographic information systembased study to ascertain the spatia  cJun  a108-1150 v323 aRed palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier is a key pest of date palm in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Since 1994, the Ministry of Agriculture has implemented a pheromone-based integrated pest management (IPM) strategy to control R. ferrugineus in the Kingdom. Geographic information system (GIS) technology can serve as a valuable tool to assess insect activity and in addition the impact of the control strategy. We used GIS-based techniques to ascertain the spatial and temporal spread of R. ferrugineus in 234 ha of date plantation in Al-Sohemia-1 in the Al-Ahsa region of Saudi Arabia. One hundred and fifty six pheromone (Ferrolure(TM)) traps in Al-Sohemia-1 were logged using the Trimble global positioning system to determine the east longitude and north latitude of each pheromone trap and transformed to the GIS as a shape file. The spatial and temporal variations for R. ferrugineus activity based on captures in pheromone traps were studied for each of the four seasons of the year and also year-wise during 2009 and 2010. Results revealed that during both 2009 and 2010, maximum weevil activity was recorded during late spring and early summer, with captures declining during autumn and winter. Spatial variations in the activity of R. ferrugineus indicated that in general 2009 registered lower weevil activity compared with 2010. Furthermore, most of the area exhibited medium to very high weevil activity in spring and summer during both 2009 and 2010, while most of the area recorded very low to low weevil activity during the autumn and winter seasons of both the years. The ongoing R. ferrugineus-IPM programme in Al-Ahsa needs to be strengthened in areas showing high to very high weevil activity.10aRhynchophorus ferrugineus1 aMassoud, M., A.1 aSallam, A., A.1 aFaleiro, J., R.1 aAl-Abdan, S.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/geographic-information-system-based-study-ascertain-spatial-and-temporal-spread-red-palm-weevil-rhyn02489nas a2200325   4500008004100000020001400041245007600055210006900131260000900200300001000209490000700219520148700226653003001713100002001743700002101763700002001784700002601804700002301830700002301853700002001876700002401896700001701920700002301937700002101960700001901981700002402000700002402024700001602048856009902064       2011                        eng d  a1721-886100aAntimicrobial activity of the red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus0 aAntimicrobial activity of the red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferr  c2011  a33-410 v643 aThe red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera Dryophthoridae), is an important pest of palms. Knowledge of both its natural enemies and its defensive mechanisms against predators and microorganisms is important to develop methods for an integrated pest control. Antimicrobial activity of the cuticular surface of adults and larvae, as well as of eggs, of this invasive species was investigated. This activity was tested against the Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis (Ehrenberg) Cohn and Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner, the Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli Escherich, and the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin and Metarhizium anisopliae (Metchnikoff) Sorokin. A similar analysis was conducted with the hemolymph of R. ferrugineus' larvae infected by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Schroter) Migula, E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus Rosenbach. Polar surface fraction of extracts from adults and large larvae inhibits Gram-positive bacteria and the B. bassiana's growth, but not the growth of E. coli and M. anisopliae. Similarly, the hemolymph of larvae and the surface extracts of both small larvae and eggs seemed not to show any inhibition. Chemical analyses of the fraction exhibiting antimicrobial activity show the presence of some polar compounds ranging between 1000 and 1500 Dalton. This study improves our knowledge on the biology of R. ferrugineus and helps to suggest strategies for the biocontrol of this pest.10aRhynchophorus ferrugineus1 aMazza, Giuseppe1 aArriza, Vincenzo1 aBaracchi, David1 aBarzanti, Gian, Paolo1 aBenvenuti, Claudia1 aFrancardi, Valeria1 aFrandi, Antonio1 aGherardi, Francesca1 aLongo, Santi1 aManachini, Barbara1 aPerito, Brunella1 aRumine, Pietro1 aSchillaci, Domenico1 aTurillazzi, Stefano1 aCervo, Rita  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/antimicrobial-activity-red-palm-weevil-rhynchophorus-ferrugineus01931nas a2200193   4500008004100000020001400041245018100055210006900236260000900305300001200314490000700326520118400333653003001517100001401547700001301561700001401574700001401588856013501602       2011                        eng d  a1125-000300aJust phoresy? Reduced lifespan in red palm weevils Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) infested by the mite Centrouropoda almerodai (Uroactiniinae: Uropodina)0 aJust phoresy Reduced lifespan in red palm weevils Rhynchophorus   c2011  a101-1050 v783 aInvasive species usually act as carriers of their associated organisms like parasites and symbionts. This phenomenon has also occurred with the recent colonization of the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, in the Mediterranean area: this introduced pest is strictly associated with several species of mites (mainly belonging to the suborder Uropodina). In this paper, we document the high rate of infestation of Central and Southern Italian red palm weevil populations by the mite Centrouropoda almerodai. This mite species was found in all five investigated regions and infested the large majority of individuals (from 57 to 95%) by settling preferentially under the first pair of wings. Although this mite-weevil association is usually considered as a phoretic relationship, i.e. without impact on hosts, our study revealed that infested individuals have a significantly reduced lifespan (by one-third) in comparison with those not infested. Our study provides evidences that C. almerodai imposes a cost on its carrier host, at least under laboratory conditions, leading us to believe that the R. ferrugineus-C. almerodai relationship is also not phoretic in the wild.10aRhynchophorus ferrugineus1 aMazza, G.1 aCini, A.1 aCervo, R.1 aLongo, S.  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/just-phoresy-reduced-lifespan-red-palm-weevils-rhynchophorus-ferrugineus-coleoptera-curculionidae-in00608nas a2200193   4500008004500000020001400045245006800059210006800127260000800195300001000203490000700213653003000220100001900250700001900269700001500288700000500303700001100308856009500319       2008                        Chindse    a1671-088600aBionomics and control of Rhyncophorus Rhynchophorus ferrugineus0 aBionomics and control of Rhyncophorus Rhynchophorus ferrugineus  cMay  a12-130 v2710aRhynchophorus ferrugineus1 aZhang, Yuefeng1 aTang, Guoliang1 aWang, Ling1 a1 aal, et  uhttps://weevil.myspecies.info/bionomics-and-control-rhyncophorus-rhynchophorus-ferrugineus02624nas a2200169   4500008004500000020001400045245015600059210006900215260001600284300000800300490000600308520203300314653003002347100002002377700001702397856004002414       2008                        Engldsh    a1536-244200aA rapid decision sampling plan for implementing area-wide management of the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, in coconut plantations of India0 arapid decision sampling plan for implementing areawide managemen  c27 February  a1-90 v83 aThe red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier (Curculionidae/Rhynchophoridae/Dryophthoridae) is a lethal pest of young coconut palms, Cocos nucifera L. (Arecales: Arecaceae), with a highly aggregated population distribution pattern. R. ferrugineus is managed in several coconut growing countries using area-wide pheromone based programmes that need a substantial commitment of funds over a period of time. Often, decisions to implement area-wide management of R. ferrugineus are based on pheromone trap captures in surveillance traps and or infestation reports. Implementing area-wide management of this pest on the basis of such data can be inaccurate, as it may either under or over estimate the pest intensity in the field. This study presents sampling plans for rapid and accurate classification of R. ferrugineus infestation in coconut plantations of India by inspecting palms to detect infestation in a sequence until a decision to either implement or not to initiate area-wide management of R. ferrugineus can be made. The sampling plans are based on a common aggregation index of 3.45, assumed action threshold values of either 1.0 (plan A) or 0.5 (plan B) per cent infested palms and a risk factor of making the wrong decision set at 0.05. Using plans A and B, if the cummulative number of infested palms in a young 1 hectare coconut plantation is zero out of 150 palms for both plans, then area-wide management is not required, while on the other hand, if the cummulative number of infested palms for the same area is 6 (plan A), or 5 (plan B), then area-wide management of R. ferrugineus is essential. The proposed sampling plans are efficient tools in decision making, particularly at very low and high levels of infestation and can also be used to assess the performance of R. ferrugineus IPM programmes that are in progress. These plans not only save time and money as only a small area needs to be sampled to arrive at a correct decision, but are also efficient in rating the infestation level accurately.10aRhynchophorus ferrugineus1 aFaleiro, J., R.1 aKumar, Ashok  uhttp://www.insectscience.org/papers00809nas a2200277   4500008004500000020001400045245010000059210006900159260001300228300001000241490000700251653000900258653001400267653002500281653001200306653001000318653001500328653001500343653002300358653001300381653002500394653003000419100001900449700002200468856004100490       1997                        Chindse    a0255-590500aPrimary study the insect pests, hosts and ecology of weevil attacking ornamental palm seedlings0 aPrimary study the insect pests hosts and ecology of weevil attac  cDecember  a43-480 v5710aAsia10aBehaviour10aDiocalandra frumenti10aEurasia10aHosts10aLand zones10aLife cycle10aPalaearctic region10aparasite10aRhabdoscelus similis10aRhynchophorus ferrugineus1 aLiao, Chung-Ta1 aChen, Ching-Chung  u<Go to ISI>://ZOOREC:ZOOR13500050908