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Alonso-Zarazaga & Lyal, 1999 (amended)
Hypothenemus hampei
EOL Text
咖啡果小蠹的生活史依序可分為卵、幼蟲、蛹、成蟲四個階段。雌蟲於咖啡開花後八週至收穫期間入侵咖啡果,尤其偏愛入侵老熟的咖啡果,並於其中產下30-50 顆卵。雌蟲產卵後會繼續待在咖啡豆內至死,而不會另覓新的咖啡豆產卵。受氣溫和咖啡豆胚乳軟硬程度的影響,自卵發育至成蟲,僅需 25-60 天。羽化後的雌蟲與同一窩雄蟲交配,交配後或飛離母巢另覓咖啡豆產卵,或繼續留在母巢產卵;雄蟲體型甚小,終身不離開母巢,翅功能因此退化,無飛行能力,同一窩雌雄比約為 10:1。乾燥的咖啡豆常成為咖啡果小蠹建立高密度新族群的目標,雨後過高的濕度 (>90% RH) 更容易造成咖啡果小蠹大發生。
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | ©劉藍玉 [published on TaiEOL] |
Source | http://eol.taibif.tw/pages/83136 |
雌蟲體長 1.4-1.6mm,雄蟲體型甚小,僅約為雌蟲之半或更小;體長約為體寬之2.5-3倍。體色深棕色至黑色,前胸背板為棕色,足及腹部為黃褐色。頭部中額縫長且明顯。前胸背板寬度約與長度相當,呈半圓形;前胸背板前緣有四齒(少數有六齒)。翅鞘長度為寬度的1.5-2倍,為前胸背板2倍長,具9條由豎起的短毛排列成之毛列,短毛的長寬比至少為8:1。翅鞘側緣至翅鞘接合縫之間具10條由大小一致的點刻排列而成的毛列間列,每個點刻都著生一根極短的小毛。
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | ©劉藍玉 [published on TaiEOL] |
Source | http://eol.taibif.tw/pages/83136 |
為非洲原生種,後隨咖啡貿易散佈至目前有種植咖啡的國家。包括北美洲、中南美洲、歐洲及北亞、非洲、南亞及東南亞、澳洲、大洋洲,都有其分佈紀錄。以咖啡果和咖啡豆為其主要的食物來源,並在鑽入咖啡豆時引入真菌為害,因此在全世界七十餘個潮濕的熱帶國家造成嚴重的經濟損失,單2003一年,就造成全世界咖啡農逾兩千萬美金的損失。
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | ©劉藍玉 [published on TaiEOL] |
Source | http://eol.taibif.tw/pages/83136 |
體長2.5-3.0 mm,約為體寬之2.5-3倍,圓柱狀,為竹蠹科中體型較小的種類。體色紅褐色至黑褐色。觸角十節,末端三節膨大。前胸背板較大、略呈球狀,前緣較圓突;基部中央具一對較深的卵圓形凹窩,兩凹窩僅被一條很窄的中線分隔。翅鞘為大小一致、不成列的點刻佈滿,末端形成弧狀下降,截面不明顯。
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | ©劉藍玉 [published on TaiEOL] |
Source | http://eol.taibif.tw/pages/83136 |
此屬長蠹尚無相關生態研究,應亦以樹勢衰弱或枯倒之林木或木材為棲地。
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | ©劉藍玉 [published on TaiEOL] |
Source | http://eol.taibif.tw/pages/83136 |
成蟲在伐倒木、新剝皮的原木和濕板材上鑽圓形深約5mm的侵入孔,然後順年輪方向開鑿長約15-20cm的母坑道,隨即將蛀屑推出坑道。雌蟲產卵於母坑道壁的小室中,並一直守衛在母坑道中直到死亡。幼蟲坑道甚密,縱向排列,充塞粉狀排泄物;深約1. 5cm,最深3cm,全長約10-15cm。新成蟲羽化後就地補充營養,蛀出若干小孔,排出大量蛀屑,被害木材僅留一層薄外皮,一觸即破。
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | ©劉藍玉 [published on TaiEOL] |
Source | http://eol.taibif.tw/pages/83136 |
以樹勢衰弱之林木或枯倒之木材為棲地,非經濟害蟲。
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | ©劉藍玉 [published on TaiEOL] |
Source | http://eol.taibif.tw/pages/83136 |
The coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei, is a small beetle native to Africa. It is among the most harmful pest to coffee crops across the world where coffee is cultivated.[1] Some Spanish common names of the insect include barrenador del café, gorgojo del café and broca del café.
Contents
Description[edit]
The larva is white, with a brown head and a length of 0.7–2.2 mm and a width of 0.2–0.6 mm. Females have two larvae stages and males only one. They have strong mandibles, and their larval phase lasts 10 to 26 days. The pupae are yellowish, with a length of 0.5–1.9 mm.
The adults are small black beetles. Females are 1.4–1.8 mm long. The males are smaller, 1.2–1.6 mm long. Female beetles can fly short distances; males have no wings. Females have four to six teeth in the frontal margin of the pronotum. H. hampei is confused sometimes with the false borer (H. obscurus or H. seriatus) and Xylosandrus (Scolytidae), but these species do not enter the coffee bean endosperm.
Life cycle[edit]
The maturation of the insect (from egg to adult) lasts between 24 and 45 days, varying according to the weather. Usually, the female drills the berry through the central disc, although it can enter through the side walls if the fruit is dry. Two days after the access, the beetle lays 35–50 eggs, which produce 13 females for each male. The lifespan for females is 35–190 days and for males 40 days. The new insects mate inside the seed. Some females lay the eggs in the same coffee plant, others colonise new ones. The males never leave the fruit.
The same plant can host three to five generations of beetles. Up to a hundred beetles can be found in a single fruit. The insect is very sensitive to desiccation, and waits for the rains to leave the fruit. The most affected areas in the crops are the shady and moist ones.
Parthenogenesis[edit]
In some cases, the reproduction of the insect can be parthenogenetic, so the female beetle can lay fertile eggs without mating. This characteristic and the asymmetry in the proportion of females to males is thought to be induced by the cytoplasmic bacterium Wolbachia.
Colonisation[edit]
The main host of H. hampei is Coffea arabica, but other coffee species have been affected in some cases. The female beetles attack the fruits from 8 weeks past the flowering to 32 weeks. When the insect enters, it builds galleries in the endosperm where the eggs are deposited.
Distribution[edit]
The distribution of the pest corresponds to the entire area of coffee crops. The accidental transport of contaminated seeds is believed to be the cause. The insect was native to Angola, and spread to the rest of Africa during the 1920s. The first reports in America were in Brasil (1926).[2] In the 1970s it affected Guatemala and México. The beetle entered Colombia during the late 1980s. It entered the Dominican Republic in the 1990s. It was detected in Puerto Rico in August 2007. It was discovered in Kona (Big Island), Hawaii in September 2010.[3]
Control[edit]
The presence of the insect affects the economy of over 20 million families that depend on the coffee harvest. It has caused marked reduction in the prices of coffee reducing the sale price to growers. The beetle can destroy the entire harvest of an area. The main measures against the pest are preventative. The application of efficient control programs is difficult, since the coffee plant is perennial, with several flowering periods, and grows in areas with very unpredictable weather.
Prevention[edit]
Prevention is based in the careful inspection of the coffee beans before leaving the coffee faros to avoid spreading of the insects. Also a number of border controls has been established in countries with coffee crops.
Natural resistance[edit]
Some Coffea species are naturally resistant to the coffee berry borer. C. kapakata seems to be the most resistant.
Chemical control[edit]
Insecticides are useful only before the female beetle penetrates the berry. There are reports of resistance to endosulfan in New Caledonia.
Biological control[edit]
During the time when beetle offspring emerge from each commercially ruined berry to disperse, they are vulnerable to predation. The Yellow Warbler, Rufous-capped Warbler and other insectivorous birds have been shown to reduce by 50 percent the number of coffee berry borer beetles in Costa Rica coffee plantations.
Parasitoids[edit]
The parasitoids used to control the borer beetle are Hymenoptera (wasps) native to Africa. Although they have a low impact in the beetle population, the use of biologic control allows the product to qualify as organic food.
- Bethylid parasitoids (Bethylidae): Cephalonomia stephanoderis Betrem and Prorops nasuta Waterston were introduced in some Latin American countries from Africa during the 1980s and 1990s with low success. In the late 1990s, the C. hyalinipennis native of North America was described as attacking the borer beetle in Chiapas, south of Mexico. This species preys on the eggs of H. hampei. Another useful betylid is Sclerodermus cadavericus Benoit, but its management is difficult, since it is an aggressive wasp and can cause severe dermatitis.
- Eulophyd parasitoids (Eulophidae): Phymastichus coffea was discovered in Togo in 1987. It attacks the adult beetle, and mass-rearing in Colombia has been successful. It has a capacity to stay in the coffee crops for a long time.
- Braconid parasitoids (Braconidae): Heterospilus coffeicola Schmiedeknecht was observed in Uganda, but its reproduction in laboratories has been unsuccessful.
Predators[edit]
Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) are the main predators of H. hampei. However, the research of Centro Nacional de Investigaciones de Café (Cenicafé, Colombia) reported other insect families implicated in the predation: Anthocoridae (Hemiptera) and Cucujidae (Coleoptera). These are the genus and species that have been reported to attack the borer beetle:.
- Formicidae: Solenopsis, Pheidole, Wasmannia, Paratrechina, Crematogaster, Brachymyrmex and Prenolepis
- Anthocoridae: Calliodes and Scoloposcelis
- Cucujidae: Cathartus quadricollis (Guérin-Méneville)
Diseases[edit]
- Nematodes
Metaparasitylenchus hypothenemi (Nematoda: Allantonematidae) has been reported in Mexico. A Panagrolaimus sp. has been reported in the field in India. In laboratory experiments, Heterorhabditis sp. and Steinernema feltiae have been shown to infect the insect.
- Fungi
Beauveria bassiana produces high mortality in the beetle. Other fungi that attack the insect are: Hirsutella eleutheratorum, Paecilomyces sp. (the insect pathogenic species in the genus Paecilomyces have been renamed as Isaria), and Metarhizium anisopliae.
References[edit]
Bibliography[edit]
- Barrera JF, Parra M El café en Chiapas y la investigación en Ecosur. Ecosur pp. 6 (formerly available as http://www.ecosur.mx/Difusi%F3n/ecofronteras/ecofrontera/ecofront12/cafe...)
- Borbón, O (1991) La broca del fruto del cafeto: programa cooperativo ICAFE-MAG. ICAFE. San José, Costa Rica. 50 pp
- Bustillo AE, Cardenas R, Posada FJ (2002) Natural Enemies and Competitors of Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in Colombia. Neotrop Entomol 31:635-639 available
- Camilo JE, Olivares FF, Jiménez HA (2003) Fenologíaión de la broca del café (Hypothenemus hampei Ferrari) durante el desarrollo del fruto. Agronomía Mesoamericana 14: 59-63 available
- Corbett, GH (1933) Some preliminary observations on the coffee berry beetle borer, Stephanoderes (Cryphalus) hampei Ferr. J Malayan Agric 21:8-22.
- Jaramillo J, Borgemeister C, Baker P (2006) Coffee berry borer Hypothenemus hampei (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): searching for sustainable control strategies. Bulletin of Entomological Research 96:223-233 (correo electrónico del author: dg@icipe.org)
- Rojas MG, Morales-Ramos JA, Harrington TC (1999) Association between Hypothenemus hampei (Coleoptera : Scolytidae) and Fusarium solani (Moniliales : Tuberculariaceae). Ann Entomol Soc Am 92:98-100 available
Notes[edit]
- ^ Jaramillo J, Borgemeister C, Baker P (2006) Coffee berry borer Hypothenemus hampei (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): searching for sustainable control strategies. Bulletin of Entomological Research 96:223-233
- ^ The entry to Java is dated about 1909 and Borneo in 1919.
- ^ Tiny Pest Threatens Hawaii's Coffee Crop. 09 September 2010. Andrew Pereira (KHON2). http://www.khon2.com/news/local/story/Tiny-Pest-Threatens-Hawaiis-Coffee... accessed 10 September 2010.
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | Wikipedia |
Source | http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coffee_borer_beetle&oldid=653725442 |